KOHLBERG
CAPITAL CORPORATION
We are an
internally managed, non-diversified closed-end investment company that has
elected to be regulated as a business development company (“BDC”) under the
Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the “1940 Act”). We originate,
structure and invest in senior secured term loans, mezzanine debt and selected
equity securities primarily in privately-held middle market companies. We define
the middle market as comprising companies with earnings before interest, taxes,
depreciation and amortization, which we refer to as “EBITDA,” of $10 million to
$50 million and/or total debt of $25 million to $150 million. In addition to our
middle market investment business, our wholly-owned portfolio company, Katonah
Debt Advisors and its affiliates (collectively, “Katonah Debt Advisors”), manage
collateralized loan obligation funds (“CLO Funds”) that invest in broadly
syndicated loans, high-yield bonds and other corporate credit instruments. We
acquired Katonah Debt Advisors and certain related assets prior to our initial
public offering from affiliates of Kohlberg & Co., LLC
(“Kohlberg & Co.”), a leading private equity firm focused on middle
market investing. As of December 31, 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors had
approximately $2.1 billion of assets under management.
Our
investment objective is to generate current income and capital appreciation from
our investments. We also expect to receive distributions of recurring fee income
and, if debt markets stabilize and recover, to generate capital appreciation
from our investment in the asset management business of Katonah Debt Advisors.
Our investment portfolio as well as the investment portfolios of the CLO Funds
in which we have invested and the investment portfolios of the CLO Funds managed
by Katonah Debt Advisors consist exclusively of credit instruments and other
securities issued by corporations and do not include any asset-backed securities
secured by commercial mortgages, residential mortgages or other consumer
borrowings.
As a
Regulated Investment Company (“RIC”), we intend to distribute to our
stockholders substantially all of our net taxable income and the excess of
realized net short-term capital gains over realized net long-term capital
losses. To qualify as a RIC, we must, among other things, meet certain
source-of-income and asset diversification requirements. Pursuant to these
elections, we generally will not have to pay corporate-level taxes on any income
that we distribute to our stockholders.
Our
common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol
“KCAP.” The net asset value per share of our common stock at December 31, 2008
was 11.68. On December 31, 2008, the last reported sale price of a share of our
common stock on The NASDAQ Global Select Market was $3.64.
CORPORATE
HISTORY AND OFFICES
We were
formed in August 2006 as a Delaware limited liability company. In December 2006,
we completed our initial public offering (“IPO”), which raised net proceeds of
approximately $200 million after the exercise of the underwriters’
over-allotment option. In connection with our IPO, we issued an additional
3,484,333 shares of our common stock to affiliates of Kohlberg &
Company in exchange for the ownership interests of Katonah Debt Advisors and in
securities issued by CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors and two other
asset managers. We are an internally managed, non-diversified, closed-end
investment company that has elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940
Act.
Our
principal executive offices are located at 295 Madison Avenue, 6
th
Floor,
New York, New York 10017 and our telephone number is (212) 455-8300.
Information about us may also be obtained from the Securities and Exchange
Commission’s website (
http://www.sec.gov
). We
maintain a website on the Internet at
http://www.kohlbergcapital.com
. Information contained in our website is not incorporated by reference into
this Annual Report, and that information should not be considered as part of
this Annual Report. We make available free of charge on our website our Annual
Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form
8-K, and all amendments to those reports as soon as reasonably practicable after
such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and
Exchange Commission (the “SEC”).
KEY
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE FINANCIAL MEASURES AND INDICATORS
Net
Asset Value
Our net
asset value (“NAV”) per share was $11.68 and $14.38 as of December 31, 2008 and
December 31, 2007, respectively. As we must report our assets at fair value for
each reporting period, NAV also represents the amount of stockholders’ equity
per share for the reporting period. Our NAV is comprised mostly of investment
assets less debt and other liabilities:
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December 31, 2008
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December 31, 2007
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Fair Value ¹
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per Share ¹
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Fair Value ¹
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per Share ¹
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Investments
at fair value:
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Time
deposits
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$
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12,185,997
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$
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0.57
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$
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15,674,489
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$
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0.87
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Money
market account
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10
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—
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20,766
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—
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Debt
securities
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384,486,111
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17.94
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410,954,082
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22.81
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CLO
Fund securities
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56,635,236
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2.64
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31,020,000
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1.72
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Equity
securities
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4,389,831
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0.21
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4,752,250
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0.27
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Asset
manager affiliates
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56,528,088
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2.64
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58,585,360
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3.25
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Cash
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251,412
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0.01
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2,088,770
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0.12
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Other
assets
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8,395,626
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0.39
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10,046,242
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0.56
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Total
Assets
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$
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522,872,311
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$
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24.40
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$
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533,141,959
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$
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29.60
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Borrowings
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$
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261,691,148
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$
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12.21
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$
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255,000,000
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$
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14.15
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Other
liabilities
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10,899,063
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0.51
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19,073,795
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1.06
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Total
Liabilities
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$
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272,590,211
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$
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12.72
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$
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274,073,795
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$
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15.21
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NET
ASSET VALUE
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$
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250,282,100
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$
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11.68
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$
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259,068,164
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$
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14.39
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1
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Our
balance sheet at fair value and resultant net asset value are calculated
on a basis consistent with accounting principles generally accepted in the
United States of America ("GAAP"). Our per share presentation
of such amounts (other than net asset value per share) is an internally
derived non-GAAP performance measure calculated by dividing the balance
sheet amount per line item by outstanding shares. We believe
that the per share amounts for such balance sheet items are helpful in
analyzing our balance sheet both quantitatively and qualitatively in that
our shares may trade based on a percentage of net asset value and
individual investors may weight certain balance sheet items differently in
performing any analysis of the
Company.
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Please
refer to the “Investment Portfolio” section for a further description of our
investment portfolio and the fair value thereof.
Leverage
We use
borrowed funds, known as “leverage,” to make investments and to attempt to
increase returns to our shareholders by reducing our overall cost of capital. As
a BDC, we are limited in the amount of leverage we can incur under the 1940 Act.
We are only allowed to borrow amounts such that our asset coverage, as defined
in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% after such borrowing. Our borrowings are
through a secured financing facility (the “Facility”). As of December
31, 2008, we had approximately $262 million of outstanding borrowings and our
asset coverage ratio of total assets to total borrowings was 196%, slightly
below the minimum asset coverage level generally required for a BDC by the 1940
Act primarily as a result of unrealized fair value losses on our
investments. Until the minimum asset coverage level is met, we will
be unable to incur additional debt or issue securities senior to our common
stock. As a result, we will be severely limited in our ability to raise capital
to make new investments until our asset coverage ratio exceeds
200%. However, because we have no public debt or preferred stock
outstanding, failure to maintain asset coverage of at least 200% will not limit
our ability, under the 1940 Act, to pay dividends from our net investment
income. As of March 12, 2009, our Facility balance was approximately
$245 million and our asset coverage ratio was approximately 209%, above the
minimum asset coverage level generally required for a BDC by the 1940
Act.
During
September 2008, we were notified by the lenders that the liquidity banks
providing the underlying funding for the Facility did not intend to renew their
liquidity facility to the lenders unless we agreed to certain revised terms for
the Facility. As a result, the lenders proposed new terms to us in order
to extend additional fundings under the Facility. We viewed such proposed
terms as unfavorable and have opted to forego the revolving credit feature of
the Facility and to amortize existing borrowings under the
Facility. In accordance with the terms of the Facility, all principal
and excess interest collected from the assets by which the Facility is secured
are used to amortize the Facility through a termination date of September 29,
2010 (the “amortization period”). During the amortization period the
interest rate will continue to be based on prevailing commercial paper rates
plus 0.85% or, if the commercial paper market is at any time unavailable,
prevailing LIBOR rates plus an applicable spread. We believe we have
sufficient cash and liquid assets to fund normal operations and dividend
distributions. At the end of the amortization period, we may be
required to sell or transfer the remaining assets securing the Facility,
potentially at a loss, to repay any remaining outstanding borrowings or we may
enter into a new agreement with the lenders providing for continued amortization
of the Facility borrowings or into alternative financing arrangements with
another lender.
Under our
Facility, we must maintain a leverage ratio covenant of at least one to one
based on the ratio of the Facility outstanding balance to our most recently
reported Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”) stockholders’ equity
balance (determined quarterly in conjunction with the Company’s financial
reporting filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission) as of the
Facility outstanding balance determination date. At year-end, our
leverage ratio covenant was met using the December 31, 2008 Facility balance and
the latest filed quarterly stockholders’ equity balance which, at that time, was
as of September 30, 2008. We remain in compliance with the leverage
covenant ratio based on the March 12, 2009 Facility balance and the GAAP
stockholders’ equity balance as of September 30, 2008.
Please
refer to "Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations — Taxation as
a Regulated Investment Company" for a summary of a special circumstance that
would allow us to meet our annual RIC distribution requirement for 2009 (and
perhaps subsequent years) by distributing shares of our stock in lieu of a
significant portion of the cash (or other property other than our stock) that we
would otherwise be required to distribute to satisfy such distribution
requirement.
Investment
Portfolio Summary Attributes as of and for the Year Ended December 31,
2008
Our
investment portfolio generates net investment income which is generally used to
fund our dividend. Our investment portfolio consists of three primary
components: debt securities, CLO Fund securities and our investment in our
wholly owned asset manager, Katonah Debt Advisors. We also have investments in
equity securities of approximately $4 million, which comprises approximately 1%
of our investment portfolio. Below are summary attributes for each of our
primary investment portfolio components (see “Investment Portfolio” and
“Investments and Operations” for a more detailed description) as of and for the
year ended December 31, 2008:
Debt
Securities
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represent
approximately 75% of total investment
portfolio;
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represent
credit instruments issued by corporate
borrowers;
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no
asset-backed securities such as those secured by commercial mortgages or
residential mortgages and no consumer
borrowings;
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primarily
senior secured and junior secured loans (42% and 25%
respectively);
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spread
across 26 different industries and 93 different
entities;
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average
balance per entity of approximately $4
million;
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all
but two issuers current on their debt service
obligations;
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weighted
average interest rate of 7.0%.
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CLO Fund Securities
(as of
the last monthly trustee report prior to December 31, 2008 unless otherwise
specified)
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represent
approximately 11% of total investment portfolio at December 31,
2008;
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·
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represent
investments in subordinated securities or equity securities issued by CLO
Funds;
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·
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all
CLO Funds invest primarily in credit instruments issued by corporate
borrowers;
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·
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no
asset-backed securities such as those secured by commercial mortgages or
residential mortgages and no consumer
borrowings;
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·
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all
CLO Funds have made all required cash payments to all classes of
investors;
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nine
different CLO Fund securities; five of such CLO Funds are managed by
Katonah Debt Advisors;
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seasoned
CLOs (for which at least four quarterly distributions have been made)
currently providing an annualized 29% cash return on investment during the
year ended December 31, 2008.
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Katonah
Debt Advisors
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·
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represents
approximately 11% of total investment
portfolio;
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represents
our 100% ownership of the equity interest of a CLO Fund manager focused on
corporate credit investing;
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Katonah
Debt Advisors has approximately $2.1 billion of assets under
management;
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receives
contractual and recurring asset management fees based on par value of
managed investments;
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typically
receives a one-time structuring fee upon completion of a new CLO
Fund;
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may
receive an incentive fee upon liquidation of a CLO Fund provided that the
CLO Fund achieves a minimum designated return on
investment;
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dividends
declared by Katonah Debt Advisors are recognized as dividend income from
affiliate asset manager on our statement of operations and are an
additional source of income to pay our
dividend;
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for
the year ended December 31, 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors had an after-tax
net loss of approximately $765,000;
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for
the year ended December 31, 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors made a
distribution of over $1 million in the form of a dividend which is
recognized as current earnings to the
Company.
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Time
Deposits and Money Market Accounts
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·
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time
deposits and money market accounts represent approximately 2% of our total
investment portfolio;
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time
deposits, represented by overnight Eurodollar deposits, are partially
restricted under terms of the secured credit
facility;
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the
money market account contains restricted cash held for employee flexible
spending accounts.
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Revenue
Revenues
consist primarily of investment income from interest and dividends on our
investment portfolio and various ancillary fees related to our investment
holdings.
Interest from Investments in Debt
Securities
. We generate interest income from our investments in debt
securities which consist primarily of senior and junior secured loans. Our debt
securities portfolio is spread across multiple industries and geographic
locations, and as such, we are broadly exposed to market conditions and business
environments. As a result, although our investments are exposed to market risks,
we continuously seek to limit concentration of exposure in any particular sector
or issuer.
Dividends from Investments in CLO
Fund Securities
. We generate dividend income primarily from our
investments in the most junior class of securities of CLO Funds (typically
preferred shares or subordinated securities) managed by Katonah Debt Advisors
and also from our selective investments in securities issued by funds managed by
other asset management companies. CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors
invest primarily in broadly syndicated non-investment grade loans, high-yield
bonds and other credit instruments of corporate issuers. The Company
distinguishes CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors as “CLO fund securities
managed by affiliate.” The underlying assets in each of the CLO Funds in which
we have any investment are generally diversified secured or unsecured corporate
debt and exclude mortgage pools or mortgage securities (residential mortgage
bonds, commercial mortgage backed securities, or related asset-backed
securities), debt to companies providing mortgage lending and emerging markets
investments. Our CLO Fund securities are subordinate to senior bond holders who
typically receive a fixed spread over LIBOR on their investment. The CLO Funds
are leveraged funds and any excess cash flow or “excess spread” (interest earned
by the underlying securities in the fund less payments made to senior bond
holders and less fund expenses and management fees) is paid to the holders of
the CLO Fund’s subordinated securities or preferred shares. The level
of excess spread from CLO Fund securities can be impacted from the timing and
level of the resetting of the benchmark interest rate for the underlying assets
(which reset at various times throughout the quarter) in the CLO Fund and the
related CLO Fund bond liabilities (which reset at each quarterly distribution
date); in periods of short-term and volatile changes in the benchmark interest
rate, the levels of excess spread and distributions to us can vary
significantly.
Dividends from Affiliate Asset
Manager.
We generate dividend income from our investment in Katonah Debt
Advisors, an asset management company, which is a wholly-owned portfolio company
that primarily manages CLO Funds that invest mainly in broadly syndicated
non-investment grade loans, high yield bonds and other credit instruments issued
by corporations. As a manager of CLO Funds, Katonah Debt Advisors receives
contractual and recurring management fees as well as an expected one-time
structuring fee from the CLO Funds for its management and advisory services. In
addition, Katonah Debt Advisors may also earn income related to net interest on
assets accumulated for future CLO issuances on which it has provided a first
loss guaranty in connection with loan warehouse arrangements for its CLO Funds.
Katonah Debt Advisors generates annual operating income equal to the amount by
which its fee income exceeds it operating expenses. The annual management fees
which Katonah Debt Advisors receives are generally based on a fixed percentage
of the par value of assets under management and are recurring in nature for the
term of the CLO Fund so long as Katonah Debt Advisors manages the fund. As a
result, the annual management fees earned by Katonah Debt Advisors generally are
not subject to market value fluctuations in the underlying collateral. In future
years, Katonah Debt Advisors may receive incentive fees upon the liquidation of
CLO Funds it manages, provided such CLO Funds have achieved a minimum investment
return to holders of their subordinated securities or preferred
shares.
Capital Structuring Service
Fees
. We may earn ancillary structuring and other fees related to the
origination and or investment in debt and investment securities.
Expenses
Expenses
consist primarily of interest expense on outstanding borrowings, compensation
expense and general and administrative expenses, including professional
fees.
Interest and Amortization of Debt
Issuance Costs
. Interest expense is dependent on the average outstanding
balance on our credit facility and the base index rate for the period. Debt
issuance costs represent fees and other direct costs incurred in connection with
the Company’s borrowings. These amounts are capitalized and amortized ratably
over the contractual term of the borrowing.
Compensation Expense
.
Compensation expense includes base salaries, bonuses, stock compensation,
employee benefits and employer related payroll costs. The largest components of
total compensation costs are base salaries and bonuses; generally, base salaries
are expensed as incurred and bonus expenses are estimated and accrued as bonuses
are paid annually. Our compensation arrangements with our employees may contain
a significant profit sharing and/or performance based bonus component.
Therefore, as our net revenues increase, our compensation costs may also rise.
In addition, our compensation expenses may also increase to reflect increased
investment in personnel as we grow our products and businesses.
Professional Fees and General and
Administrative Expenses
. The balance of our expenses include professional
fees, occupancy costs and general administrative and other costs.
Net
Unrealized Depreciation on Investments
During
the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company’s investments had net depreciation
of approximately $40 million.
The net
unrealized depreciation for the year ended December 31, 2008 is primarily due to
i) an approximate $27 million net decrease in the market value of certain
broadly syndicated loans as a result of current market conditions; ii) an
approximate $5 million decrease in the net value of CLO equity investments (as
of December 31, 2008, there are no CLO Funds in default and all CLO Fund debt
tranches are providing a current cash return, however, two CLO Funds have each
had one tranche of debt downgraded); and, iii) a $28 million decrease in Katonah
Debt Advisors’ assets under management from December 31, 2007 to December 31,
2008 and a related settlement with JP Morgan regarding terminated warehouse
facilities.
Net
Change in Stockholders’ Equity Resulting From Operations
The net
change in stockholders’ equity resulting from operations for the year ended
December 31, 2008 was an approximate decrease of $10 million, or a decrease of
$0.47 per share.
Net
Investment Income and Net Realized Gains (Losses)
Net
investment income and net realized gains (losses) comprises the net increase or
decrease in stockholders’ equity before net unrealized appreciation or
depreciation on investments. For the year ended December 31, 2008 net
investment income and realized gains (losses) were approximately $30 million, or
$1.49 per share. Generally, we seek to fund our dividend from net investment
income and net realized gains. For the year ended December 31, 2008, dividend
distributions totaled approximately $30 million or $1.44 per share.
Dividends
We intend
to continue to distribute quarterly dividends to our stockholders. To avoid
certain excise taxes imposed on RICs, we currently intend to distribute during
each calendar year an amount at least equal to the sum of:
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98%
of our ordinary net taxable income for the calendar
year;
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•
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98%
of our capital gains, if any, in excess of capital losses for the one-year
period ending on October 31 of the calendar year;
and
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•
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any
net ordinary income and net capital gains for the preceding year that were
not distributed during such year.
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The
amount of our declared dividends, as evaluated by management and approved by our
Board of Directors, is based on our evaluation of both distributable income for
tax purposes and GAAP net investment income (which excludes unrealized gains and
losses). Generally, we seek to fund our dividend from GAAP current
earnings, primarily from net interest and dividend income generated by our
investment portfolio and without a return of capital or a high reliance on
realized capital gains. The following table sets forth the dividends declared by
us since our initial public offering, which represent an amount equal to our
estimated net investment income for the specified quarter, including income
distribution from Katonah Debt Advisors received by the Company, plus a portion
of any prior year undistributed amounts of net investment income distributed in
subsequent years:
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Dividend
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Declaration
Date
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Record
Date
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Pay
Date
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2008:
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Fourth
quarter
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$
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0.27
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12/19/2008
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12/31/2008
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1/29/2009
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Third
quarter
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0.35
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9/19/2008
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10/9/2008
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10/28/2008
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Second
quarter
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0.41
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6/13/2008
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7/9/2008
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7/28/2008
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First
quarter
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0.41
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3/14/2008
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4/8/2008
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4/28/2008
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Total
declared for 2008
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$
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1.44
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2007:
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Fourth
quarter
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$
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0.39
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12/14/2007
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12/24/2007
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1/24/2008
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Third
quarter
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0.37
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9/24/2007
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10/10/2007
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10/26/2007
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Second
quarter
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0.35
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6/8/2007
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7/9/2007
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7/23/2007
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First
quarter
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0.29
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3/13/2007
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4/6/2007
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4/17/2007
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Total
declared for 2007
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$
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1.40
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Due to
our ownership of Katonah Debt Advisors and certain timing, structural and tax
considerations our dividend distributions may include a return of capital for
tax purposes. For the year ended December 31, 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors had
approximately $765,000 of GAAP net losses and distributed approximately $1
million in dividends to us, and for the year ended December 31, 2007, Katonah
Debt Advisors earned approximately $3 million of GAAP net income and distributed
$500,000 in dividends to us; dividends are recorded as declared by Katonah Debt
Advisors as income on our statement of operations.
Please
refer to “Distributions” and “Certain United States Federal Income Tax
Considerations” for further information regarding our dividend
distributions.
INVESTMENT
PORTFOLIO
Investment
Objective
Our
investment objective is to generate current income and capital appreciation from
our middle market investments and from our investment in Katonah Debt Advisors.
Subject to prevailing market conditions, we intend to grow our portfolio of
assets by raising additional capital, including through the prudent use of
leverage available to us. We primarily invest in first and second lien term
loans which, because of their priority in a company’s capital structure, we
expect will have lower default rates and higher rates of recovery of principal
if there is a default and which we expect will create a stable stream of
interest income. While our primary investment focus is on making loans to, and
selected equity investments in, privately-held middle market companies, we may
also invest in other investments such as loans to larger, publicly-traded
companies, high-yield bonds and distressed debt securities. We may also receive
warrants or options to purchase common stock in connection with our debt
investments. In addition, we may also
invest in debt and equity
securities issued by CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors or by other
asset managers. However, our investment strategy is to limit the value of our
investments in the debt or equity securities issued by CLO Funds to not more
than 15% of the value of our total investment portfolio. We invest exclusively
in credit instruments issued by corporations and do not invest in asset-backed
securities such as those secured by commercial mortgages, residential mortgages
or other consumer borrowings.
Our
middle market investment business targets companies that have strong historical
cash flows, experienced management teams and identifiable and defendable market
positions in industries with positive dynamics. We seek to manage
risk through a rigorous credit and investment underwriting process and an active
portfolio monitoring program.
We expect
to continue to benefit from our ownership of Katonah Debt Advisors in four ways.
First, by working with the investment professionals at Katonah Debt Advisors, we
have multiple sources of investment opportunities. Second, the
experienced team of credit analysts at Katonah Debt Advisors, the members of
which also serve as officers of the Company, have specializations covering more
than 20 industry groups and they assist us in reviewing potential investments
and monitoring our portfolio. Third, we may continue to make investments in CLO
Funds or other funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors, which we believe will
provide us with a current cash investment return. Fourth, we expect
to continue to receive distributions of recurring fee income and the potential
to generate capital appreciation from our investment in Katonah Debt Advisors as
the platform grows.
The
following table shows the Company’s portfolio by security type at December 31,
2008 and December 31, 2007:
|
|
|
December 31, 2008
|
|
|
December 31, 2007
|
|
|
Security Type
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
|
%¹
|
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
|
%¹
|
|
|
Time
Deposits
|
|
$
|
12,185,997
|
|
|
$
|
12,185,997
|
|
|
|
2
|
%
|
|
$
|
15,674,489
|
|
|
$
|
15,674,489
|
|
|
|
3
|
%
|
|
Money
Market Account
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
20,766
|
|
|
|
20,766
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Senior
Secured Loan
|
|
|
235,123,695
|
|
|
|
218,342,528
|
|
|
|
42
|
|
|
|
265,390,844
|
|
|
|
260,138,674
|
|
|
|
50
|
|
|
Junior
Secured Loan
|
|
|
143,370,524
|
|
|
|
126,498,918
|
|
|
|
25
|
|
|
|
120,620,715
|
|
|
|
113,259,293
|
|
|
|
22
|
|
|
Mezzanine
Investment
|
|
|
37,097,183
|
|
|
|
32,557,165
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
|
32,418,975
|
|
|
|
33,066,115
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
Senior
Subordinated Bond
|
|
|
3,008,197
|
|
|
|
2,287,500
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
3,009,230
|
|
|
|
2,490,000
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Senior
Unsecured Bond
|
|
|
5,259,487
|
|
|
|
4,800,000
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
2,000,000
|
|
|
|
2,000,000
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
CLO
Fund Securities
|
|
|
66,376,595
|
|
|
|
56,635,236
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
|
36,061,264
|
|
|
|
31,020,000
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
Equity
Securities
|
|
|
5,256,660
|
|
|
|
4,389,831
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
5,043,950
|
|
|
|
4,752,250
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Affiliate
Asset Managers
|
|
|
38,948,271
|
|
|
|
56,528,088
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
|
33,469,995
|
|
|
|
58,585,360
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
546,626,619
|
|
|
$
|
514,225,273
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
513,710,228
|
|
|
$
|
521,006,947
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
¹ Represents
percentage of total portfolio at fair value.
Investment
Securities
We invest
in senior secured loans and mezzanine debt and, to a lesser extent, equity
capital of middle market companies in a variety of industries. We generally
target companies that generate positive cash flows because we look to cash flows
as the primary source for servicing debt. However, we may invest in other
companies if we are presented with attractive opportunities.
Kohlberg
Capital’s Board of Directors is ultimately and solely responsible for making a
good faith determination of the fair value of portfolio investments on a
quarterly basis. Duff & Phelps, LLC, an independent valuation firm,
provided third party valuation consulting services to Kohlberg Capital’s Board
of Directors which consisted of certain limited procedures that the Company’s
Board of Directors identified and requested them to perform. Upon completion of
these limited procedures, Duff & Phelps, LLC concluded that the fair value
of those investments subjected to the limited procedures did not appear
unreasonable. Kohlberg Capital’s Board of Directors considers various
commonly accepted methods of valuation to determine the fair value of
investments as appropriate in conformity with GAAP. Due to the inherent
uncertainty of determining the fair value of investments that do not have a
readily available market value, the fair value of our investments may differ
significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market
existed for such investments, and the differences could be
material.
Our
portfolio investments at fair value decreased from $521 million at December 31,
2007 to $514 million as of December 31, 2008. The net decrease in portfolio size
relates primarily to unrealized mark-to-market fair value declines in our
investment portfolio, offset by approximately $27 million of net investments (at
cost) made with the proceeds of an equity issuance in May 2008. Such declines
relate primarily to illiquidity in the broader debt markets and not to specific
credit issues related to securities held in our portfolio. Although there can be
no assurance that we will be able to do so, our intention is to hold such assets
to maturity and thus mitigate such unrealized losses. First lien loan balances
at fair value decreased to $218 million at December 31, 2008 from $260 million
at December 31, 2007. Second lien, mezzanine loan and bond positions increased
to $166 million at December 31, 2008 from $151 million at December 31, 2007. We
had equity securities, other than CLO equity securities, totaling $4 million and
investments in CLO Fund securities of $57 million at fair value as of December
31, 2008.
As of
December 31, 2008, our investments in loans and debt securities had an annual
weighted average interest rate of approximately 7.0%.
The
characteristics of our investment securities at fair value, excluding CLO equity
securities, are presented in the following table as of each quarter end from
December 31, 2006 through December 31, 2008:
|
|
|
4Q08
|
|
|
3Q08
|
|
|
2Q08
|
|
|
1Q08
|
|
|
Security Type ($ in millions)
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
First
Lien
|
|
$
|
218.3
|
|
|
|
56
|
%
|
|
$
|
228.8
|
|
|
|
57
|
%
|
|
$
|
216.2
|
|
|
|
56
|
%
|
|
$
|
216.1
|
|
|
|
59
|
%
|
|
Second
Lien/Mezzanine/Bond
|
|
|
166.1
|
|
|
|
43
|
|
|
|
166.9
|
|
|
|
42
|
|
|
|
164.5
|
|
|
|
43
|
|
|
|
147.1
|
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
Equity
|
|
|
4.4
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
4.5
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
3.6
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
3.6
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
388.9
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
400.2
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
384.3
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
366.8
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
|
|
4Q07
|
|
|
3Q07
|
|
|
2Q07
|
|
|
1Q07
|
|
|
4Q06
|
|
|
Security Type ($ in millions)
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
$
|
|
|
%
|
|
|
First
Lien
|
|
$
|
260.1
|
|
|
|
63
|
%
|
|
$
|
190.2
|
|
|
|
55
|
%
|
|
$
|
164.3
|
|
|
|
59
|
%
|
|
$
|
150.4
|
|
|
|
69
|
%
|
|
$
|
163.3
|
|
|
|
86
|
%
|
|
Second
Lien/Mezzanine/Bond
|
|
|
150.8
|
|
|
|
36
|
|
|
|
148.6
|
|
|
|
43
|
|
|
|
110.8
|
|
|
|
40
|
|
|
|
64.3
|
|
|
|
30
|
|
|
|
27.5
|
|
|
|
14
|
|
|
Equity
|
|
|
4.8
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
5.0
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
3.0
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
3.0
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
415.7
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
343.8
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
278.1
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
217.7
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
190.8
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
The
industry concentrations, based on the fair value of the Company’s investment
portfolio as of December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, were as
follows:
|
|
|
December
31, 2008
|
|
|
December
31, 2007
|
|
|
Industry
Classification
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
Fair
Value
|
|
|
|
%
1
|
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
Fair
Value
|
|
|
|
|
|
Aerospace and
Defense
|
|
$
|
35,545,254
|
|
|
$
|
34,846,047
|
|
|
|
7
|
%
|
|
$
|
32,583,716
|
|
|
$
|
32,481,819
|
|
|
|
6
|
%
|
|
Asset Management
Companies
2
|
|
|
38,948,271
|
|
|
|
56,528,088
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
|
33,469,995
|
|
|
|
58,585,360
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
Automobile
|
|
|
8,811,625
|
|
|
|
7,750,003
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
5,286,731
|
|
|
|
5,147,010
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Broadcasting and
Entertainment
|
|
|
2,982,607
|
|
|
|
2,850,000
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
2,978,999
|
|
|
|
2,782,500
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Buildings and Real
Estate
3
|
|
|
38,404,495
|
|
|
|
19,231,787
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
37,726,396
|
|
|
|
34,944,226
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
Cargo
Transport
|
|
|
20,099,157
|
|
|
|
20,071,001
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
14,967,369
|
|
|
|
14,958,789
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
Chemicals, Plastics
and Rubber
|
|
|
6,613,081
|
|
|
|
5,840,000
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
3,956,582
|
|
|
|
3,220,000
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
CLO Fund
Securities
|
|
|
66,376,595
|
|
|
|
56,635,236
|
|
|
|
11
|
|
|
|
36,061,264
|
|
|
|
31,020,000
|
|
|
|
6
|
|
|
Containers, Packaging
and Glass
|
|
|
7,347,292
|
|
|
|
7,316,295
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
8,895,059
|
|
|
|
8,895,059
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
Diversified/Conglomerate
Manufacturing
|
|
|
6,282,124
|
|
|
|
6,095,170
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
8,931,343
|
|
|
|
8,718,855
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
Diversified/Conglomerate
Service
|
|
|
15,868,152
|
|
|
|
15,139,713
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
17,962,721
|
|
|
|
17,303,969
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
Ecological
|
|
|
2,721,193
|
|
|
|
2,727,813
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
3,937,850
|
|
|
|
3,937,850
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Electronics
|
|
|
15,172,568
|
|
|
|
13,686,879
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
15,830,382
|
|
|
|
15,158,502
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
Farming and
Agriculture
|
|
|
4,298,336
|
|
|
|
1,538,550
|
|
|
|
-
|
|
|
|
4,800,651
|
|
|
|
4,058,835
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Finance
|
|
|
14,979,849
|
|
|
|
13,830,557
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
11,590,697
|
|
|
|
11,209,824
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
Healthcare, Education
and Childcare
|
|
|
49,379,475
|
|
|
|
49,581,920
|
|
|
|
10
|
|
|
|
46,715,870
|
|
|
|
46,637,705
|
|
|
|
9
|
|
|
Home and Office
Furnishings, Housewares, and Durable Consumer
Goods
|
|
|
21,331,162
|
|
|
|
20,273,496
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
24,091,185
|
|
|
|
23,265,816
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
Hotels, Motels, Inns
and Gaming
|
|
|
6,322,276
|
|
|
|
6,073,739
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
9,364,165
|
|
|
|
9,091,041
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
Insurance
|
|
|
10,983,041
|
|
|
|
10,693,769
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
24,346,884
|
|
|
|
23,941,763
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
Leisure, Amusement,
Motion Pictures, Entertainment
|
|
|
16,929,910
|
|
|
|
16,903,100
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
18,402,600
|
|
|
|
18,402,600
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
Machinery
(Non-Agriculture, Non-Construction,
Non-Electronic)
|
|
|
35,514,554
|
|
|
|
36,263,857
|
|
|
|
7
|
|
|
|
39,573,338
|
|
|
|
39,483,418
|
|
|
|
8
|
|
|
Mining, Steel, Iron
and Non-Precious Metals
|
|
|
21,751,631
|
|
|
|
19,589,104
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
|
16,338,446
|
|
|
|
16,069,759
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
Oil and
Gas
|
|
|
5,998,263
|
|
|
|
5,940,000
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
5,997,874
|
|
|
|
5,960,000
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Personal and Non
Durable Consumer Products (Mfg. Only)
|
|
|
15,208,764
|
|
|
|
12,264,708
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
17,315,776
|
|
|
|
14,750,095
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
Personal, Food and
Miscellaneous Services
|
|
|
14,722,088
|
|
|
|
11,445,381
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
13,918,651
|
|
|
|
13,765,201
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
Printing and
Publishing
|
|
|
29,914,605
|
|
|
|
28,130,061
|
|
|
|
5
|
|
|
|
21,622,999
|
|
|
|
21,236,473
|
|
|
|
4
|
|
|
Retail
Stores
|
|
|
3,755,829
|
|
|
|
3,755,829
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
|
4,962,500
|
|
|
|
4,813,625
|
|
|
|
1
|
|
|
Time Deposits and
Money Market Account
|
|
|
12,186,007
|
|
|
|
12,186,007
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
|
15,695,255
|
|
|
|
15,695,255
|
|
|
|
2
|
|
|
Utilities
|
|
|
18,178,415
|
|
|
|
17,037,163
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
|
16,384,930
|
|
|
|
15,471,598
|
|
|
|
3
|
|
|
Total
|
|
$
|
546,626,619
|
|
|
$
|
514,225,273
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
$
|
513,710,228
|
|
|
$
|
521,006,947
|
|
|
|
100
|
%
|
|
1
|
Calculated
as a percentage of total portfolio at fair value.
|
|
2
|
Represents
Katonah Debt Advisors and other asset manager
affiliates.
|
|
3
|
Buildings
and real estate relate to real estate ownership, builders, managers and
developers and excludes mortgage debt investments and mortgage lenders or
originators. As of December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the Company
had no exposure to mortgage securities (residential mortgage bonds,
commercial mortgage backed securities, or related asset backed securities)
or companies providing mortgage
lending.
|
We employ
a disciplined approach in the selection and monitoring of our investments.
Generally, we target investments that will provide a current return through
interest income to provide for stability in our net income and place less
reliance on realized capital gains from our investments. Our investment
philosophy is focused on preserving capital with an appropriate return profile
relative to risk. Our investment due diligence and selection generally focuses
on an underlying issuer’s net cash flow after capital expenditures to service
its debt rather than on multiples of net income, valuations or other broad
benchmarks which frequently miss the nuances of an issuer’s business and
prospective financial performance. We also avoid concentrations in any one
industry or issuer. We manage risk through a rigorous credit and investment
underwriting process and an active portfolio monitoring program.
Our debt
securities investment portfolio at December 31, 2008 was spread across 26
different industries and 93 different entities with an average balance
per entity of approximately $4 million. As of December 31, 2008, two
issuers representing 0.2% of total investments at fair value was considered in
default. Our portfolio, including the CLO Funds in which we invest, and the CLO
Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors, consist exclusively of credit
instruments issued by companies and do not include investments in asset-backed
securities, such as those secured by commercial mortgages, residential mortgages
or other consumer borrowings.
We may
invest up to 30% of our investment portfolio in opportunistic investments in
high-yield bonds, debt and equity securities in CLO Funds, distressed debt or
equity securities of public companies. We expect that these public companies
generally will have debt that is non-investment grade. We also may invest in
debt of middle market companies located outside of the United States, of which
investments are not anticipated to be in excess of 10% of our investment
portfolio at the time such investments are made. At December 31, 2008,
approximately 14% of our investments were foreign assets (including our
investments in CLO Funds, which are typically domiciled outside the U.S. and
represent approximately 11% of our portfolio). As a result of regulatory
restrictions, we are not permitted to invest in any portfolio company in which
Kohlberg & Co. or any fund that it manages has a pre-existing
investment.
As of
December 31, 2008, our ten largest portfolio companies represented approximately
31% of the total fair value of our investments. Our largest investment, Katonah
Debt Advisors, which is our wholly-owned portfolio company, represented 11% of
the total fair value of our investments. Excluding Katonah Debt Advisors and CLO
Fund securities, our ten largest portfolio companies represent approximately 16%
of the total fair value of our investments.
CLO
Fund Securities
We
typically make a minority investment in the subordinated securities or preferred
shares of CLO Funds raised and managed by Katonah Debt Advisors and may
selectively invest in securities issued by CLO Funds managed by other asset
management companies. The securities issued by CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt
Advisors are primarily held by third parties. As of December 31, 2008, we had
approximately $57 million invested in CLO Fund securities, including those
issued by funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors. In addition, in connection
with the closing of Katonah 2007-I, Katonah Debt Advisors’ most recent CLO Fund,
on January 23, 2008, we invested approximately $29 million to acquire all
of the shares of the most junior class of securities of that CLO Fund. The CLO
Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors invest primarily in broadly syndicated
non-investment grade loans, high-yield bonds and other credit instruments of
corporate issuers. The underlying assets in each of the CLO Funds in which we
have any investment are generally diversified secured or unsecured corporate
debt and exclude mortgage pools or mortgage securities (residential mortgage
bonds, commercial mortgage backed securities, or related asset-backed
securities), debt to companies providing mortgage lending and emerging markets
investments. Subject to the availability of any such investment opportunities
and prevailing market conditions we may continue to make such investments. The
CLO Funds are leveraged funds and any excess cash flow or “excess spread”
(interest earned by the underlying securities in the fund less payments made to
senior bond holders and less fund expenses and management fees) is paid to the
holders of the CLO Fund’s subordinated securities or preferred
shares.
During
the year ended December 31, 2008, our CLO Fund securities for which we had a
full year’s payments returned an average 29% cash-on-cash return. Our CLO Fund
securities as of December 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007 are as
follows:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
December 31, 2008
|
|
|
December 31, 2007
|
|
|
CLO Fund Securities
|
|
Investment
|
|
%
1
|
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
Cost
|
|
|
Fair Value
|
|
|
Grant Grove CLO, Ltd.
|
|
Subordinated Securities
|
|
|
22.2
|
%
|
|
$
|
4,620,951
|
|
|
$
|
4,665,000
|
|
|
$
|
4,415,580
|
|
|
$
|
4,250,000
|
|
|
Katonah
III, Ltd.
|
|
Preferred
Shares
|
|
|
23.1
|
|
|
|
4,500,000
|
|
|
|
1,661,000
|
|
|
|
4,500,000
|
|
|
|
2,810,000
|
|
|
Katonah
IV, Ltd.
|
|
Preferred
Shares
|
|
|
17.1
|
|
|
|
3,150,000
|
|
|
|
1,601,000
|
|
|
|
3,150,000
|
|
|
|
2,420,000
|
|
|
Katonah
V, Ltd.
|
|
Preferred
Shares
|
|
|
26.7
|
|
|
|
3,320,000
|
|
|
|
1,172,000
|
|
|
|
3,320,000
|
|
|
|
420,000
|
|
|
Katonah VII CLO Ltd.
2
|
|
Subordinated Securities
|
|
|
16.4
|
|
|
|
4,500,000
|
|
|
|
2,629,000
|
|
|
|
4,500,000
|
|
|
|
3,950,000
|
|
|
Katonah VIII CLO Ltd.
2
|
|
Subordinated Securities
|
|
|
10.3
|
|
|
|
3,400,000
|
|
|
|
2,252,000
|
|
|
|
3,400,000
|
|
|
|
3,290,000
|
|
|
Katonah IX CLO Ltd.
2
|
|
Preferred
Shares
|
|
|
6.9
|
|
|
|
2,000,000
|
|
|
|
1,921,000
|
|
|
|
2,000,000
|
|
|
|
2,000,000
|
|
|
Katonah X CLO Ltd.
2
|
|
Subordinated Securities
|
|
|
33.3
|
|
|
|
11,324,758
|
|
|
|
11,875,000
|
|
|
|
10,775,684
|
|
|
|
11,880,000
|
|
|
Katonah 2007-1 CLO Ltd.
2
|
|
Preferred
Shares
|
|
|
100
|
|
|
|
29,560,886
|
|
|
|
28,859,236
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
|
—
|
|
|
Total
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
$
|
66,376,595
|
|
|
$
|
56,635,236
|
|
|
$
|
36,061,264
|
|
|
$
|
31,020,000
|
|
1
Represents percentage
of class held.
2
An affiliate CLO Fund
managed by Katonah Debt Advisors.
Our
investments in CLO Fund securities are carried at fair value, which is based on
a discounted cash flow model that utilizes prepayment and loss assumptions based
on historical experience and projected performance, economic factors, the
characteristics of the underlying cash flow and comparable yields for similar
bonds and preferred shares/income notes, when available. We recognize unrealized
appreciation or depreciation on our investments in CLO Fund securities as either
or both (i) comparable yields in the market change or (ii) based on changes in
estimated cash flows resulting from changes in prepayment or loss assumptions in
the underlying collateral pool. As each investment in CLO Fund securities ages,
the expected amount of losses and the expected timing of recognition of such
losses in the underlying collateral pool are updated and the revised cash flows
are used in determining the fair value of the investment. We determine the fair
value of our investments in CLO Fund securities on an individual
security-by-security basis.
The table
below summarizes certain attributes of each CLO Fund as per their most recent
trustee report as of December 31, 2008:
|
CLO Fund Securities
1
|
|
Number of
Securities
|
|
|
Number of
Issuers
|
|
|
Number of
Industries
|
|
|
Average Security
Position Size
|
|
|
Average Issuer
Position Size
|
|
|
Grant
Grove CLO, Ltd.
|
|
|
233
|
|
|
|
172
|
|
|
|
32
|
|
|
$
|
1,227,114
|
|
|
$
|
1,662,311
|
|
|
Katonah
III, Ltd.
|
|
|
288
|
|
|
|
199
|
|
|
|
31
|
|
|
|
1,284,316
|
|
|
|
1,858,708
|
|
|
Katonah
IV, Ltd.
|
|
|
297
|
|
|
|
206
|
|
|
|
28
|
|
|
|
1,064,247
|
|
|
|
1,534,375
|
|
|
Katonah
V, Ltd.
|
|
|
337
|
|
|
|
233
|
|
|
|
30
|
|
|
|
697,774
|
|
|
|
1,009,227
|
|
|
Katonah
VII CLO Ltd.
|
|
|
263
|
|
|
|
210
|
|
|
|
33
|
|
|
|
1,350,514
|
|
|
|
1,691,358
|
|
|
Katonah
VIII CLO Ltd
|
|
|
262
|
|
|
|
205
|
|
|
|
33
|
|
|
|
1,508,199
|
|
|
|
1,927,551
|
|
|
Katonah
IX CLO Ltd
|
|
|
260
|
|
|
|
204
|
|
|
|
33
|
|
|
|
1,603,269
|
|
|
|
2,043,383
|
|
|
Katonah
X CLO Ltd
|
|
|
257
|
|
|
|
200
|
|
|
|
33
|
|
|
|
1,855,771
|
|
|
|
2,384,665
|
|
|
Katonah
2007-1 CLO Ltd
|
|
|
202
|
|
|
|
164
|
|
|
|
31
|
|
|
|
1,563,595
|
|
|
|
1,925,891
|
|
¹ All data from most recent
trustee reports as of December 31, 2008
Katonah
Debt Advisors
Katonah
Debt Advisors is our wholly-owned asset management company that primarily
manages CLO Funds that invest in broadly syndicated loans, high yield bonds and
other credit instruments. The CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors consist
exclusively of credit instruments issued by corporations and do not invest in
asset-backed securities secured by commercial mortgages, residential mortgages
or other consumer borrowings. As of December 31, 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors had
approximately $2.1 billion of assets under management, and was valued at
approximately $55 million.
As a
manager of the CLO Funds, Katonah Debt Advisors receives contractual and
recurring management fees as well as a one-time structuring fee from the CLO
Funds for its management and advisory services. In addition, Katonah Debt
Advisors may also earn income related to net interest on assets accumulated for
future CLO issuances on which it has provided a first loss guaranty in
connection with loan warehouse arrangements for its CLO Funds. The annual
management fees which Katonah Debt Advisors receives are generally based on a
fixed percentage of the par value of assets under management and are recurring
in nature for the term of the CLO Fund so long as Katonah Debt Advisors manages
the fund. As a result, the annual management fees earned by Katonah Debt
Advisors are not subject to market value fluctuations in the underlying
collateral. Katonah Debt Advisors generates annual operating income equal to the
amount by which its fee income exceeds it operating expenses. In future years,
Katonah Debt Advisors may receive accrued incentive fees upon the liquidation of
CLO Funds it manages, provided such CLO Funds have achieved a minimum investment
return to holders of their subordinated securities or preferred
shares.
The
revenue that Katonah Debt Advisors generates through the fees it receives for
managing CLO Funds and after paying the expenses associated with its operations,
including compensation of its employees, may be distributed to us. Cash
distributions of Katonah Debt Advisors’ net income are recorded as dividends
from affiliate asset manager when declared. As with all other investments,
Katonah Debt Advisors’ fair value is periodically determined. The valuation is
based primarily on a percentage of its assets under management and/or based on
Katonah Debt Advisors’ estimated operating income. Any change in value from
period to period is recognized as unrealized gain or loss.
In
October 2007, Katonah Debt Advisors entered into a letter agreement
(the “Letter Agreement”) with Bear Stearns & Co. Inc. relating to the
formation of up to three CLO funds to be formed in 2008 (“2008 CLO Funds”) for
which Katonah Debt Advisors would serve as the collateral
manager. Pursuant to the Letter Agreement, Katonah Debt Advisors
agreed to reimburse JPMorgan Securities Inc. ("JPMorgan") (f/k/a Bear Stearns
& Co. Inc.), including if the 2008 CLO Funds failed to close, for a portion
of the losses (if any) on the resale of the warehoused assets in an amount up to
$22.5 million (which amount was reduced to $18 million in connection with the
closing of the first of the 2008 CLO Funds) (the “First Loss Commitment”) plus
any accumulated net interest income accrued on the warehoused assets to which
Katonah Debt Advisors would otherwise have been entitled. Also in
October 2007, warehouse facilities with Bear Stearns Investment Products Inc.
were established providing for a warehouse credit line for each of the 2008 CLO
Funds to fund the initial accumulation of assets for the 2008 CLO
Funds.
On
January 23, 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors and Bear Stearns closed the first of the
2008 CLO Funds, Katonah 2007-I CLO Ltd. None of the other CLO funds
contemplated by the Letter Agreement were completed. As a result,
pursuant to the Letter Agreement, both Katonah Debt Advisors and JPMorgan
asserted claims against the other and defenses thereto. Without admitting any
liability or wrongdoing, Katonah Debt Advisors and JPMorgan agreed to compromise
and settle all of the disputes, issues and claims between them relating to the
Letter Agreement in exchange for an agreement to terminate all obligations and
liabilities of Katonah Debt Advisors and of JPMorgan under the existing Letter
Agreement and ancillary warehouse facilities documentation relating to the 2008
CLO Funds (including Katonah Debt Advisors’ First Loss Commitment and its
obligation to serve as the collateral manager to the warehouse facilities),
payment by Katonah Debt Advisors of an aggregate of $6 million in installments
over a period of one year and the forfeiture by Katonah Debt Advisors of the net
interest income earned through the date of the settlement on the warehoused
assets. In December 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors entered into a
settlement and termination agreement with JP Morgan reflecting the settlement
terms described above. As a result of this settlement, Katonah Debt
Advisors recognized a $6 million settlement cost and write-off of previously
accrued net interest income on warehoused assets of approximately $4 million for
the year ended December 31, 2008. For the year ended December 31,
2008, Katonah Debt Advisors had an after-tax loss of approximately
$765,000.
Kohlberg
Capital recognized the impact of this settlement and forfeiture of warehouse
income as a non-cash reduction to the unrealized appreciation of the value of
its investment in Katonah Debt Advisors. Consequently, this settlement is not
expected to have a material impact on Kohlberg Capital's net investment income
or quarterly dividend.
Time
Deposits and Money Market Accounts
Cash time
deposits primarily represent overnight Eurodollar investments of cash held in
non-demand deposit accounts. Such time deposits are partially
restricted under terms of the secured revolving credit facility. The money
market account is restricted cash held for employee flexible spending
accounts.
INVESTMENTS
AND OPERATIONS
Overview
We are an
internally managed, non-diversified closed-end investment company that has
elected to be regulated as a BDC under the 1940 Act. We originate, structure and
invest in senior secured term loans, mezzanine debt and selected equity
securities primarily in privately-held middle market companies. We define the
middle market as comprising companies with EBITDA of $10 million to $50 million
and/or total debt of $25 million to $150 million. In addition to our middle
market investment business, our wholly-owned portfolio company, Katonah Debt
Advisors, manages CLO Funds that invest in broadly syndicated loans, high-yield
bonds and other corporate credit instruments. We acquired Katonah Debt Advisors
and certain related assets prior to our initial public offering from affiliates
of Kohlberg & Co., a leading private equity firm focused on middle
market investing. As of December 31, 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors had
approximately $2.1 billion of assets under management.
Our
investment objective is to generate current income and capital appreciation from
our investments. In the current economic environment, capital appreciation is
difficult to achieve due to real or perceived credit concerns, illiquidity in
the market and the resulting impact on fair values. However, we
believe our longer-term investment horizon and quality of assets will allow us
to generate current income and capital appreciation on discounted assets as they
amortize and repay at par. We also expect to receive distributions of
recurring fee income and, if debt markets stabilize and recover, to generate
capital appreciation from our investment in the asset management business of
Katonah Debt Advisors. Our investment portfolio as well as the investment
portfolios of the CLO Funds in which we have invested and the investment
portfolios of the CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors consist exclusively
of credit instruments and other securities issued by companies and do not
include any asset backed securities secured by commercial mortgages, residential
mortgages or other consumer borrowings.
As of
December 31, 2008, we had total secured term loan, mezzanine debt, bond and
equity investments of approximately $389 million, total investments in CLO Fund
securities managed by our wholly-owned portfolio company Katonah Debt Advisors
and three other asset managers of approximately $57 million, and total
investment in 100% of Katonah Debt Advisors’ asset management company of
approximately $55 million.
As of
December 31, 2008, we had a portfolio of investment securities that included
first and second lien secured loans. Our investments generally averaged between
$1 million to $10 million, although particular investments may be larger or
smaller. The size of individual investments will vary according to their
priority in a company’s capital structure, with larger investments in more
secure positions in an effort to maximize capital preservation. We expect that
the size of our investments and maturity dates will vary as
follows:
|
|
•
|
|
senior
secured term loans from $10 to $20 million maturing in five to seven
years;
|
|
|
•
|
|
second
lien term loans from $5 to $20 million maturing in six to eight
years;
|
|
|
•
|
|
senior
unsecured loans $5 to $10 million maturing in six to eight
years;
|
|
|
•
|
|
mezzanine
loans from $5 to $10 million maturing in seven to ten years;
and
|
|
|
•
|
|
equity
investments from $1 to $5 million.
|
When we
extend senior secured term loans, we will generally take a security interest in
the available assets of the portfolio company, including the equity interests of
their subsidiaries, which we expect to help mitigate the risk that we will not
be repaid. Nonetheless, there is a possibility that our lien could be
subordinated to claims of other creditors. Structurally, mezzanine debt ranks
subordinate in priority of payment to senior term loans and is often unsecured.
Relative to equity, mezzanine debt ranks senior to common and preferred equity
in a borrower’s capital structure. Typically, mezzanine debt has elements of
both debt and equity instruments, offering the fixed returns in the form of
interest payments associated with a loan, while providing an opportunity to
participate in the capital appreciation of a borrower, if any, through an equity
interest that is typically in the form of equity purchased at the time the
mezzanine loan is repaid or warrants to purchase equity at a future date at a
fixed cost. Mezzanine debt generally earns a higher return than senior secured
debt due to its higher risk profile and usually less restrictive covenants. The
warrants associated with mezzanine debt are typically detachable, which allows
lenders to receive repayment of their principal on an agreed amortization
schedule while retaining their equity interest in the borrower. Mezzanine debt
also may include a “put” feature, which permits the holder to sell its equity
interest back to the borrower at a price determined through an agreed
formula.
Investment
Objective
Our
investment objective is to generate current income and capital appreciation from
the investments made by our middle market business in senior secured term loans,
mezzanine debt and selected equity investments in privately-held middle market
companies, and from our investment in Katonah Debt Advisors. Subject to
prevailing market conditions, we intend to grow our portfolio of assets by
raising additional capital, including through the prudent use of leverage
available to us. We will primarily invest in first and second lien term loans
which, because of their priority in a company’s capital structure, we expect
will have lower default rates and higher rates of recovery of principal if there
is a default and which we expect will create a stable stream of interest income.
While our primary investment focus is on making loans to, and selected equity
investments in, privately-held middle market companies, we may also invest in
other investments such as loans to larger, publicly-traded companies, high-yield
bonds and distressed debt securities. We may also receive warrants or options to
purchase common stock in connection with our debt investments. In addition, we
may also invest in debt and equity securities issued by CLO Funds managed by
Katonah Debt Advisors or by other asset managers. However, our investment
strategy is to limit the value of our investments in the debt or equity
securities issued by CLO Funds to not more than 15% of the value of our total
investment portfolio. We invest almost exclusively in credit instruments issued
by corporations and do not invest in asset-backed securities such as those
secured by commercial or residential mortgages or other consumer
borrowings.
Credit
and Investment Process
We employ
the same due diligence intensive investment strategy that our senior management
team, Katonah Debt Advisors and Kohlberg & Co. have used over the past
22 years. Due to our ability to source transactions through multiple channels,
we expect to maintain a substantial pipeline of opportunities to allow
comparative risk return analysis and selectivity. By focusing on the drivers of
revenue and cash flow, we develop our own underwriting cases, and multiple
stress and event specific case scenarios for each company analyzed.
We focus
on lending and investing opportunities in:
|
|
•
|
|
companies
with EBITDA of $10 to $50 million;
|
|
|
•
|
|
companies
with financing needs of $25 to $150
million;
|
|
|
•
|
|
companies
purchased by top tier equity
sponsors;
|
|
|
•
|
|
non-sponsored
companies with successful management and
systems;
|
|
|
•
|
|
high-yield
bonds and broadly syndicated loans to larger companies on a selective
basis; and
|
|
|
•
|
|
equity
co-investment in companies where we see substantial opportunity for
capital appreciation.
|
We expect
to source investment opportunities from:
|
|
•
|
|
private
equity sponsors;
|
|
|
•
|
|
regional
investment banks for non-sponsored
companies;
|
|
|
•
|
|
other
middle market lenders with whom we can “club”
loans;
|
|
|
•
|
|
Katonah
Debt Advisors with regard to high-yield bonds and syndicated loans;
and
|
|
|
•
|
|
Kohlberg &
Co. with regard to selected private equity investment
opportunities.
|
In our
experience, good credit judgment is based on a thorough understanding of both
the qualitative and quantitative factors which determine a company’s
performance. Our analysis begins with an understanding of the fundamentals of
the industry in which a company operates, including the current economic
environment and the outlook for the industry. We also focus on the company’s
relative position within the industry and its historical ability to weather
economic cycles. Other key qualitative factors include the experience and depth
of the management team and the financial sponsor, if any.
Only
after we have a comprehensive understanding of the qualitative factors do we
focus on quantitative metrics. We believe that with the context provided by the
qualitative analysis, we can gain a better understanding of a company’s
financial performance. We analyze a potential portfolio company’s sales growth
and margins in the context of its competition as well as its ability to manage
its working capital requirements and its ability to generate consistent cash
flow. Based upon this historical analysis, we develop a set of projections which
represents a reasonable underwriting case of most likely outcomes for the
company over the period of our investment. Using our Maximum Reasonable
Adversity model, we also look at a variety of potential downside cases to
determine a company’s ability to service its debt in a stressed credit
environment.
Elements
of the
qualitative
analysis
we use in evaluating investment opportunities include the
following:
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Competitive
position and market share;
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Past
ability to work through historical
down-cycles;
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Quality
of financial and technology
infrastructure;
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Sourcing
risks and opportunities;
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Labor
and union strategy;
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Diversity
of customer base and product lines;
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Quality
and experience of management;
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Quality
of financial sponsor (if applicable);
and
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Acquisition
and integration history.
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Elements
of the
quantitative
analysis
we use in evaluating investment opportunities include the
following:
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Income
statement analysis of growth and margin
trends;
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Balance
sheet analysis of working capital
efficiency;
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Cash
flow analysis of capital expenditures and free cash
flow;
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Financial
ratio and market share standing among comparable
companies;
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Financial
projections: underwriting versus stress
case;
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Event
specific Maximum Reasonable Adversity credit
modeling;
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Future
capital expenditure needs and asset sale
plans;
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Downside
protection to limit losses in an event of
default;
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Risk
adjusted returns and relative value analysis;
and
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Enterprise
and asset valuations.
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The
origination, structuring and credit approval processes are fully integrated. Our
credit team is directly involved in all due diligence and analysis prior to the
formal credit approval process.
Credit
Monitoring
Our
management team has significant experience monitoring portfolios of middle
market investments and this is enhanced by the credit monitoring procedures of
Katonah Debt Advisors. Along with origination and credit analysis, portfolio
management is one of the key elements of our business. Most of our investments
will not be liquid and, therefore, we must prepare to act quickly if potential
issues arise so that we can work closely with the management and private equity
sponsor, if applicable, of the portfolio company to take any necessary remedial
action quickly. In addition, most of our senior management team, including the
credit team at Katonah Debt Advisors, have substantial workout and restructuring
experience.
In order
to assist us in detecting issues with portfolio companies as early as possible,
we perform a monthly financial analysis of each portfolio company. This analysis
typically includes:
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reviewing
financial statements with comparisons to prior year financial statements,
as well as the current budget including key financial ratios such as
debt/EBITDA, margins and fixed charge
coverage;
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independently
computing and verifying compliance with financial
covenants;
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reviewing
and analyzing monthly borrowing base, if
any;
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a
monthly discussion of MD&A with company management and the private
equity sponsor, if applicable;
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determining
if current performance could cause future financial covenant
default;
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discussing
prospects with the private equity sponsor, if
applicable;
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determining
if a portfolio company should be added to our “watch list” (companies to
be reviewed in more depth);
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if
a company is not meeting expectations, reviewing original underwriting
assumptions and determining if either enterprise value or asset value has
deteriorated enough to warrant further action;
and
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a
monthly update to be reviewed by both the Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”)
and Chief Investment Officer
(“CIO”).
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Investment
Securities
We invest
in senior secured loans and mezzanine debt and, to a lesser extent equity
capital, of middle market companies in a variety of industries. We generally
target companies that generate positive cash flows because we look to cash flows
as the primary source for servicing debt. As of December 31, 2008, together
with our wholly-owned portfolio company Katonah Debt Advisors, we had a staff of
18 investment professionals who specialize in specific industries and generally
seek to invest in companies about which we have direct expertise. However, we
may invest in other industries if we are presented with attractive
opportunities. For more information regarding our investment
securities, see “INVESTMENT PORTFOLIO—Investment Securities.”
CLO
Fund Securities
As of
December 31, 2008, we had $57 million, invested in CLO Fund securities,
including those issued by funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors. CLO Funds
managed by Katonah Debt Advisors invest primarily in broadly syndicated
non-investment grade loans, high-yield bonds and other credit instruments of
corporate issuers. The underlying assets in each of the CLO Funds in which we
have any investment are generally diversified secured or unsecured corporate
debt and exclude mortgage pools or mortgage securities (residential mortgage
bonds, commercial mortgage backed securities, or related asset-backed
securities), debt to companies providing mortgage lending and emerging markets
investments.
The CLO
Funds are leveraged funds and any excess cash flow or “excess spread” (interest
earned by the underlying securities in the fund less payments made to senior
bond holders and less fund expenses and management fees) is paid to us and the
other holders of the CLO Fund’s subordinated securities or preferred shares
based on the proportionate share of such class. During the year ended December
31, 2008, our CLO Fund securities for which we had a full year’s quarterly
payments returned an average 29% cash-on-cash return.
The
securities issued by CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors are primarily
held by third parties. As of December 31, 2008, we had $48 million invested at
fair value in five Katonah Debt Advisors managed CLO Funds. We typically make a
minority investment in the subordinated securities or preferred shares of CLO
Funds raised and managed by Katonah Debt Advisors and may selectively invest in
securities issued by CLO Funds managed by other asset management companies. For
more information regarding our investment securities, see “INVESTMENT
PORTFOLIO—Investment in CLO Fund Securities.”
Katonah
Debt Advisors
Katonah
Debt Advisors is our wholly-owned asset management company that manages CLO
Funds that invest in broadly syndicated loans, high yield bonds and other credit
instruments. The CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors consist exclusively
of credit instruments issued by corporations and do not invest in asset-backed
securities secured by commercial mortgages, residential mortgages or other
consumer borrowings. As of December 31, 2008, Katonah Debt Advisors had
approximately $2.1 billion of assets under management, and was valued at
approximately $55 million.
As a
manager of the CLO Funds, Katonah Debt Advisors receives contractual and
recurring management fees as well as a one-time structuring fee from the CLO
Funds for its management and advisory services. In
addition, Katonah Debt
Advisors may also earn income related to net interest on assets accumulated for
future CLO issuances on which it has provided a first loss guaranty in
connection with loan warehouse arrangements for its CLO Funds. The annual
management fees which Katonah Debt Advisors receives are generally based on a
fixed percentage of the par value of assets under management and are recurring
in nature for the term of the CLO Fund so long as Katonah Debt Advisors manages
the fund. As a result, the annual management fees earned by Katonah Debt
Advisors are not subject to market value fluctuations in the underlying
collateral. Katonah Debt Advisors generates annual operating income equal to the
amount by which its fee income exceeds it operating expenses. In future years,
Katonah Debt Advisors may receive accrued incentive fees upon the liquidation of
CLO Funds it manages, provided such CLO Funds have achieved a minimum investment
return to holders of their subordinated securities or preferred
shares.
We expect
to continue to make investments in CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors,
which we believe will provide us with a current cash investment return. We
believe that these investments will provide Katonah Debt Advisors with greater
opportunities to access new sources of capital which will ultimately increase
Katonah Debt Advisors’ assets under management and resulting management fee
income. We also expect to receive distributions of recurring fee income and, if
debt markets stabilize and recover, to generate capital appreciation from our
investment in the asset management business of Katonah Debt
Advisors.
The
revenue that Katonah Debt Advisors generates through the fees it receives for
managing CLO Funds and after paying the expenses associated with its operations,
including compensation of its employees, may be distributed to Kohlberg Capital
Corporation. Cash distributions of Katonah Debt Advisors’ net income are
recorded as dividends from affiliate asset manager when declared. As with all
other investments, Katonah Debt Advisors’ fair value is periodically determined.
The valuation is based primarily on a percentage of its assets under management
and/or based on Katonah Debt Advisors’ estimated operating income. Any change in
value from period to period is recognized as unrealized gain or
loss.
As a
separately taxable corporation, Katonah Debt Advisors is taxed at normal
corporate rates. For tax purposes, any distributions of taxable net income
earned by Katonah Debt Advisors to us would generally need to be distributed to
our stockholders. Katonah Debt Advisors’ taxable net income differs from GAAP
net income for both deferred tax timing adjustments and permanent tax
adjustments. Deferred tax timing adjustments may include differences between
lease cash payments to GAAP straight line expense and adjustments for the
recognition and timing of depreciation, bonuses to employees, stock option
expense, and interest rate caps. Permanent differences may include adjustments,
limitations or disallowances for meals and entertainment expenses, penalties and
tax goodwill amortization.
Goodwill
amortizable for tax was created upon the purchase of 100% of the equity
interests in Katonah Debt Advisors prior to our initial public offering in
exchange for shares of our stock valued at $33 million. Although this
transaction was a stock transaction rather than an asset purchase and thus no
goodwill was recognized for GAAP purposes, for tax purposes such exchange was
considered a taxable asset purchase under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as
amended (“Code”). At the time of the transfer, Katonah Debt Advisors had equity
of approximately $1 million resulting in tax goodwill of approximately $32
million which will be amortized for tax purposes on a straight-line basis over
15 years, resulting in an annual difference between GAAP income and taxable
income of approximately $2 million per year over such period.
Revenues
We
generate revenue in the form of interest income on debt securities and capital
gains, if any, on warrants or other equity-related securities that we acquire
from our portfolio companies. In addition, we generate revenue in the form of
commitment and facility fees and, to a lesser extent, due diligence fees. Any
such fees will be generated in connection with our investments and recognized as
earned or, in some cases, recognized over the life of the loan. We expect our
investments generally to have a term of between five and eight years and bear
interest at various rates ranging from 2% to 10% over the prevailing market
rates for Treasury securities. Where applicable, we seek to collateralize our
investments by obtaining security interests in our portfolio companies’ assets.
Interest on debt securities will generally be payable monthly or quarterly, with
amortization of principal typically occurring over the term of the security. In
those limited instances where we choose to defer amortization of the loan for a
period of time from the date of the initial investment, the principal amount of
the debt securities and any accrued but unpaid interest will generally become
due at the maturity date.
We also
generate dividend income from our investment in CLO equities. These subordinated
securities are the most junior class of securities issued by the CLO Funds and
are subordinated in priority of payment to each other class of securities issued
by these CLO Funds. Dividends on CLO equities are generally paid
quarterly.
Expenses
Because
we are an internally managed BDC, we pay the costs associated with employing
investment management professionals and other employees as well as running our
operations. Our primary non-interest expenses include employee salaries and
benefits, the costs of identifying, evaluating, negotiating, closing, monitoring
and servicing our investments and our related overhead charges and expenses,
including rental expense and interest expense incurred in connection with
borrowings. Because we are internally managed, we do not pay any management fees
to any third party.
Our
Strategic Relationship with Kohlberg & Co.
We
believe that we derive substantial benefits from our strategic relationship with
Kohlberg & Co. The Co-managing partners of Kohlberg & Co., are
members of our Board of Directors, and are also members of our Investment
Committee. Through such participation, we have access to the expertise of these
individuals in middle market and leveraged investing, which we believe enhances
our capital raising, due diligence, investment selection and credit analysis
activities. Affiliates of Kohlberg & Co., including those who
serve and have served on our Board of Directors and on our Investment Committee,
own, in the aggregate, approximately 15% of our outstanding common stock.
Kohlberg & Co. is a leading U.S. private equity firm which manages
investment funds that acquire middle market companies. Since its founding in
1987, Kohlberg & Co. has organized six private equity funds, through
which it has raised approximately $3.5 billion of committed capital and
completed more than 80 platform and add-on acquisitions with an aggregate value
of approximately $8 billion.
Because
we are an internally managed BDC, we do not pay any fees to Kohlberg &
Co. or any of its affiliates. Under the 1940 Act, we are generally prohibited
from buying or selling any security from or to any portfolio company of a
private equity fund managed by Kohlberg & Co. without the prior
approval of the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). In addition, we
may co-invest on a concurrent basis with Kohlberg & Co. or any of our
affiliates, subject to compliance with existing regulatory guidance, applicable
regulations and our allocation procedures. Certain types of negotiated
co-investments may be made only if we receive an order from the SEC permitting
us to do so. There can be no assurance that any such order will be
obtained.
LEVERAGE
In
addition to funds available from the issuance of our common stock, we use
borrowed funds, known as “leverage,” to make investments and to attempt to
increase returns to our shareholders by reducing our overall cost of capital. As
a BDC, we are limited in the amount of leverage we can incur under the 1940 Act.
We are only allowed to borrow amounts such that our asset coverage, as defined
in the 1940 Act, equals at least 200% after such borrowing. The amount of
leverage that we employ at any time depends on our assessment of the market and
other factors at the time of any proposed borrowing. As of December 31, 2008, we
had $262 million of outstanding borrowings and our asset coverage ratio was
196%, slightly below the minimum asset coverage level generally required for a
BDC by the 1940 Act, primarily as a result of unrealized fair value losses on
our investments. Until the minimum asset coverage level is met, we
will be unable to incur additional debt or issue securities senior to our common
stock. As a result, we will be severely limited in our ability to raise capital
to make new investments until our asset coverage ratio exceeds
200%. However, because we have no public debt or preferred stock
outstanding, failure to maintain asset coverage of at least 200% will not limit
our ability, under the 1940 Act, to pay dividends from our net investment
income. As of March 12, 2009, our Facility balance was approximately $245
million and our asset coverage ratio was approximately 209%, above the minimum
asset coverage level generally required for a BDC by the 1940 Act.
On
February 14, 2007, we entered into a secured revolving credit facility (the
“Facility”) under which we had a right to obtain up to $200 million in
financing. On October 1, 2007, we amended the Facility to increase our
borrowing capacity from $200 million to $275 million, extend the maturity date
from February 12, 2012 to October 1, 2012 and increase the interest
spread charged on outstanding borrowings by 15 basis points, to 0.85%. In
addition, the amendment revised the method for determining the required equity
contribution from Kohlberg Capital to Kohlberg Capital Funding LLC I (“KCAP
Funding”). Subject to certain thresholds, the required equity contribution will
be increased from $45 million to $60 million, depending on the amount of
outstanding borrowings. Advances under the Facility are used
primarily to make additional investments.
The
Facility is secured by loans acquired by us with the advances under the
Facility. We borrow under the Facility through our wholly-owned, special-purpose
bankruptcy remote subsidiary, KCAP Funding, our wholly-owned, special-purpose
bankruptcy remote subsidiary through which we borrow under the Facility. Under
the Facility, funds are loaned by BMO Capital Markets Corp. (through its
affiliate Fairway Finance Company, LLC) and Deutsche Bank AG, New York Branch
(through its affiliate Riverside Funding LLC), the pro-rata lenders, based on
prevailing commercial paper rates or, if the commercial paper market is at any
time unavailable, at prevailing LIBOR rates, in each case plus an applicable
spread.
Under the
Facility, we are subject to limitations as to how borrowed funds may be used,
including restrictions on geographic and industry concentrations, loan size,
payment frequency and status, average life, collateral interests and investment
ratings. We are also subject to regulatory restrictions on leverage which may
affect the amount of funding that we can obtain under the Facility. The Facility
also includes certain requirements relating to portfolio performance, including
required minimum portfolio yield and limitations on delinquencies and
charge-offs, a violation of which could result in the early amortization of the
Facility, limit further advances and, in some cases, result in an event of
default. The interest charged on borrowed funds is based on prevailing
commercial paper rates plus 0.85% or, if the commercial paper market is at any
time unavailable, prevailing LIBOR rates plus an applicable spread. The interest
charged on borrowed funds is payable monthly. We paid a one-time, 0.50%
structuring fee at the time we entered into the Facility, as well as a one-time,
1% structuring fee on the $75 million increase in borrowing availability under
the Facility at the time we entered into the Facility amendment. Additionally,
we are also required to pay an annual commitment fee, payable monthly, equal to
0.225% for any unused portion of the Facility.
During
September 2008, we were notified by the lenders that the liquidity banks
providing the underlying funding for the Facility did not intend to renew their
liquidity facility to the lenders unless we agreed to certain revised terms for
the Facility. As a result, the lenders proposed new terms to us in order
to extend additional fundings under the Facility. We viewed such proposed
terms as unfavorable and have opted to forego the revolving credit feature of
the Facility and to amortize existing borrowings under the
Facility. In accordance with the terms of the Facility, all net
interest and any principal collected from the assets by which the Facility is
secured are used to amortize the Facility through a termination date of
September 29, 2010 (the “amortization period”). During the
amortization period, the interest rate will continue to be based on prevailing
commercial paper rates plus 0.85% or, if the commercial paper market is at any
time unavailable, prevailing LIBOR rates plus an applicable spread. We
believe we have sufficient cash and liquid assets to fund normal operations and
dividend distributions. At the end of the amortization period, we may
be required to sell or transfer the remaining assets securing the Facility,
potentially at a loss, to repay any remaining outstanding borrowings or we may
enter into a new agreement with the lenders providing for continued amortization
of the Facility borrowings or into alternative financing arrangements with
another lender.
Under our
Facility, we must maintain a leverage ratio covenant of at least one to one
based on the ratio of the Facility outstanding balance to our most recently
reported GAAP stockholders’ equity balance (determined quarterly in conjunction
with the Company’s financial reporting filings with the Securities and Exchange
Commission) as of the Facility outstanding balance determination
date. At year-end, our leverage ratio covenant was met using the
December 31, 2008 Facility balance and the latest filed quarterly stockholders’
equity balance which, at that time, was as of September 30, 2008. We
remain in compliance with the leverage covenant ratio based on the March 12,
2009 Facility balance and the GAAP stockholders’ equity balance as of September
30, 2008.
The
current economic environment and the availability of credit, which is severely
limited, affected our ability to extend the Facility and we may not be able to
enter into another facility as a result of such conditions should they
continue.
We
estimate that the portfolio of loans securing the Facility will be required to
generate an annual rate of return of approximately 3% to cover annual interest
payments on obligations incurred under the Facility. As of December
31, 2008, our investments in loans and debt securities had an annual weighted
average interest rate of approximately 7.0%.
COMPETITION
Our
primary competitors provide financing to prospective portfolio companies and
include commercial banks, specialty finance companies, hedge funds, structured
investment funds and investment banks. Many of these entities have greater
financial and managerial resources than we have, and the 1940 Act imposes
certain regulatory restrictions on us as a BDC to which many of our competitors
are not subject. For additional information concerning the competitive risks we
face, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—We operate in a highly
competitive market for investment opportunities.”
We
believe that we provide a unique combination of an experienced middle market
origination and credit team, an existing credit platform at Katonah Debt
Advisors that includes experienced lenders with broad industry expertise and an
Investment Committee that includes co-managing partners of Kohlberg &
Co., a leading experienced and successful middle market private equity firm. We
believe that this combination of resources provides us with a thorough credit
process and multiple sources of investment opportunities to enhance our asset
selection process.
COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGES
We
believe that we can successfully compete with other providers of capital in the
markets in which we compete for the following reasons:
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Internally managed structure
and significant management resources
. We are
internally managed by our executive officers under the supervision of our
Board of Directors and do not depend on a third party investment advisor.
As a result, we do not pay investment advisory fees and all of our income
is available to pay our operating costs and to make distributions to our
stockholders.
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Multiple sourcing capabilities
for assets
. We have multiple sources of
loans, mezzanine investments and equity investments through our industry
relationships, Katonah Debt Advisors and our strategic relationship with
Kohlberg & Co.
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Disciplined investment
process
. We employ a rigorous credit review
process and due diligence intensive investment strategy which our senior
management has developed over more than 20 years of lending. For each
analyzed company, we develop our own underwriting case and multiple stress
case scenarios and an event-specific financial model reflecting company,
industry and market variables. Generally, both we and the CLO Funds
managed by Katonah Debt Advisors have decided not to invest in highly
leveraged or “covenant light” credit
facilities.
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Katonah Debt Advisors’ credit
platform
. Katonah Debt Advisors serves as a
source of our direct investment opportunities and cash flow, and certain
credit analysts employed by Katonah Debt Advisors who also serve as
officers of the Company serve as a resource for credit
analysis.
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Investments in a wide variety
of portfolio companies in a number of different industries with no direct
exposure to mortgage-backed securities
. Our
investment portfolio (excluding our investments in Katonah Debt Advisors
and CLO Fund securities) is spread across 26 different industries and 93
different entities with an average balance per entity of
approximately $4 million. Our investment portfolio as well as the
investment portfolios of the CLO Funds in which we have invested and the
investment portfolios of the CLO Funds managed by Katonah Debt Advisors
consist exclusively of credit instruments and other securities issued by
companies and do not include any asset-backed securities secured by
commercial mortgages, residential mortgages or other consumer
borrowings.
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Strategic relationship with
Kohlberg & Co
. We believe that
Kohlberg & Co. is one of the oldest and most well-known private
equity firms focused on the middle market, and we expect to continue to
derive substantial benefits from our strategic relationship with
Kohlberg & Co.
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Significant equity ownership
and alignment of incentives
. Our senior
management team, the senior management team of Katonah Debt Advisors and
affiliates of Kohlberg & Co. together have a significant equity
interest in the Company, ensuring that their incentives are strongly
aligned with those of our
stockholders.
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EMPLOYEES
As of
February 28, 2009, the Company had 28 employees.
DETERMINATION
OF NET ASSET VALUE
We
determine the net asset value per share of our common stock quarterly. The net
asset value per share is equal to the value of our total assets minus
liabilities and any preferred stock outstanding divided by the total number of
shares of common stock outstanding. As of December 31, 2008, we did not have any
preferred stock outstanding.
Value, as
defined in Section 2(a)(41) of 1940 Act, is (1) the market price for
those securities for which a market quotation is readily available and
(2) for all other securities and assets, fair value as determined in good
faith by our Board of Directors pursuant to procedures approved by our Board of
Directors. Our quarterly valuation process begins with each portfolio company or
investment being initially valued by the investment professionals responsible
for the portfolio investment. Preliminary valuation conclusions are then
documented and discussed with our senior management. The Valuation Committee of
our Board of Directors reviews these preliminary valuations and makes
recommendations to our Board of Directors. Where appropriate, the Valuation
Committee may utilize an independent valuation firm selected by our Board of
Directors. The Valuation Committee has selected an independent valuation firm to
assist with the periodic valuation of our illiquid securities. Our Board of
Directors discusses valuations and determines the fair value of each investment
in our portfolio in good faith based on the recommendations of the Valuation
Committee.
Because
of the inherent uncertainty of determining the fair value of investments that do
not have a readily available market value, the fair value of our investments
determined under our procedures may differ significantly from the values that
would have been used had a ready market existed for the investments or from the
values that would have been placed on our assets by other market participants,
and the differences could be material.
There is
no single standard for determining fair value. As a result, determining fair
value requires that judgment be applied to the specific facts and circumstances
of each portfolio investment. Unlike banks, we are not permitted to provide a
general reserve for anticipated loan losses. Instead, we must determine the fair
value of each individual investment on a quarterly basis. We record unrealized
depreciation on investments when we believe that an investment has decreased in
value, including where collection of a loan or realization of an equity security
is doubtful. Conversely, we record unrealized appreciation if we believe that
our investment has appreciated in value, for example, because the underlying
portfolio company has appreciated in value.
As a BDC,
we invest primarily in illiquid securities, including loans to and warrants of
private companies and interests in other illiquid securities, such as interests
in the underlying CLO Funds. Our investments are generally subject to
restrictions on resale and generally have no established trading market. Because
of the type of investments that we make and the nature of our business, our
valuation process requires an analysis of various factors. Our valuation
methodology includes the examination of, among other things, the underlying
investment performance, financial condition and market changing events that
impact valuation.
With
respect to private debt and equity investments, each investment is valued using
industry valuation benchmarks, and, where appropriate, such as valuing private
warrants, the input value in our valuation model may be assigned a discount
reflecting the illiquid nature of the investment and our minority, non-control
position. When a qualifying external event such as a significant purchase
transaction, public offering or subsequent loan or warrant sale occurs, the
pricing indicated by the external event is considered in determining our private
debt or equity valuation. Securities that are traded in the over-the-counter
market or on a stock exchange generally are valued at the prevailing bid price
on the valuation date. However, restricted or thinly traded public securities
may be valued at discounts from the public market value due to limitations on
our ability to sell the securities.
Our
investments in CLO Fund securities are carried at fair value, which is based on
a discounted cash flow model that utilizes prepayment and loss assumptions
based on historical experience and projected performance, economic factors, the
characteristics of the underlying cash flow and comparable yields for similar
bonds and preferred shares/income notes, when available. We recognize unrealized
appreciation or depreciation on our investments in CLO Fund securities as
comparable yields in the market change and/or based on changes in estimated cash
flows resulting from changes in prepayment or loss assumptions in the underlying
collateral pool. As each investment in CLO Fund securities ages, the expected
amount of losses and the expected timing of recognition of such losses in the
underlying collateral pool are updated and the revised cash flows are used in
determining the fair value of the investment. We determine the fair value of our
investments in CLO Fund securities on an individual security-by-security basis.
If we were to sell a group of CLO Fund securities in a pool in one or more
transactions, the total value received for that pool may be different than the
sum of the fair values of the individual investments in CLO Fund
securities.
ELECTION
TO BE REGULATED AS A BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT COMPANY AND A REGULATED INVESTMENT
COMPANY
Our
elections to be regulated as a BDC and to be treated as a RIC have a significant
impact on our future operations:
We
report our investments at market value or fair value with changes in value
reported through our statement of operations.
We report
all of our investments, including debt investments, at market value or, for
investments that do not have a readily available market value, at their “fair
value” as determined in good faith by our Board of Directors pursuant to
procedures approved by our Board of Directors. Changes in these values are
reported through our statement of operations under the caption of “net
unrealized appreciation (depreciation) on investments.” See “Determination of
Net Asset Value.”
Our
ability to use leverage as a means of financing our portfolio of investments is
limited.
As a BDC,
we are required to meet a coverage ratio of total assets to total senior
securities of at least 200%. For this purpose, senior securities generally
include all borrowings, guarantees of borrowings and any preferred stock we may
issue in the future. Our ability to utilize leverage as a means of financing our
portfolio of investments is limited by this asset coverage test. Our asset
coverage ratio was below 200% as of December 31, 2008. However, as of March 12,
2009, our Facility balance was approximately $245 million and our asset coverage
ratio was approximately 209%, above the minimum asset coverage level generally
required for a BDC by the 1940 Act. See “LEVERAGE.”
We
intend to distribute substantially all of our net taxable income to our
stockholders. We generally will be required to pay U.S. federal income taxes
only on the portion of our net taxable income and gains that we do not
distribute to stockholders.
We have elected to be treated as a RIC
for U.S. federal income tax purposes, commencing with our taxable year ended
December 31, 2006. As a RIC, we intend to distribute to our stockholders
substantially all of our net investment company income. In addition, we may
retain certain net long-term capital gains and elect to treat such net capital
gains as distributed to our stockholders. If this happens, you will be treated
as if you received an actual distribution of the capital gains and reinvested
the net after-tax proceeds in us. You also may be eligible to
claim a tax credit against your U.S.
federal income tax liability (or, in certain circumstances, a tax refund) equal
to your allocable share of the tax we pay on the deemed distribution. See
“Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations.”
As a RIC,
we generally are required to pay U.S. federal income taxes only on the portion
of our net taxable income and gains that we do not distribute (actually or
constructively). Katonah Debt Advisors, our wholly-owned taxable portfolio
company, receives fee income earned with respect to its management services. We
expect that Katonah Debt Advisors will form additional direct or indirect
subsidiaries which will receive similar fee income. Some of these subsidiaries
may be treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and as a
result, such subsidiaries will be subject to income tax at regular corporate
rates, for U.S. federal and state purposes, although, as a RIC, dividends and
distributions of capital received by us from our taxable subsidiaries and
distributed to our stockholders will not subject us to U.S. federal income
taxes. As a result, the net return to us on such investments held by such
subsidiaries will be reduced to the extent that the subsidiaries are subject to
income taxes.
In
addition, due to the asset coverage test applicable to us as a BDC, we may be
limited in our ability to make distributions. See “Distributions.” Also,
restrictions and provisions in our Facility may limit our ability to make
distributions. See “Obligations and Indebtedness.”
We
are required to comply with the provisions of the 1940 Act applicable to
BDCs.
As a BDC,
we are required to have a majority of directors who are not “interested” persons
under the 1940 Act. In addition, we are required to comply with other
applicable provisions of the 1940 Act, including those requiring the adoption of
a code of ethics, fidelity bond and custody arrangements. See also
“Regulation.”
REGULATION
The
following discussion is a general summary of some of the material prohibitions
and restrictions governing BDCs generally. It does not purport to be a complete
description of all the laws and regulations affecting BDCs.
A BDC is
a unique kind of investment company that primarily focuses on investing in or
lending to private companies and making managerial assistance available to them.
A BDC provides stockholders with the ability to retain the liquidity of a
publicly traded stock, while sharing in the possible benefits of investing in
emerging-growth or expansion-stage privately-owned companies. The 1940 Act
contains prohibitions and restrictions relating to transactions between BDCs and
their directors and officers and principal underwriters and certain other
related persons and requires that a majority of the directors be persons other
than “interested persons,” as that term is defined in the 1940 Act. In the
ordinary course of business, we may enter into transactions with portfolio
companies that may be considered related party transactions. We have implemented
certain procedures, both written and unwritten, to ensure that we do not engage
in any prohibited transactions with any persons affiliated with us. If such
affiliations are found to exist, we seek Board and/or committee review and
approval or exemptive relief for such transactions, as appropriate.
In
addition, the 1940 Act provides that we may not change the nature of our
business so as to cease to be, or to withdraw our election as, a BDC unless
approved by a majority of our outstanding voting securities. A majority of the
outstanding voting securities of a company is defined under the 1940 Act as the
lesser of (i) 67% or more of such company’s shares present at a meeting or
represented by proxy if more than 50% of the outstanding shares of such company
are present or represented by proxy or (ii) more than 50% of the
outstanding shares of such company.
Qualifying
Assets
Under the
1940 Act, a BDC may not acquire any asset other than assets of the type listed
in Section 55(a) of the 1940 Act, or “qualifying assets,” unless, at the
time the acquisition is made, “qualifying assets” represent at least 70% of the
company’s total assets. The principal categories of “qualifying assets” relevant
to our business are the following:
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Securities
of an “eligible portfolio company” purchased in transactions not involving
any public offering. An “eligible portfolio company” is defined in the
1940 Act as any issuer which:
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(a)
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is
organized under the laws of, and has its principal place of business in,
the United States;
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(b)
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is
not an investment company (other than a small business investment company
wholly-owned by the BDC) or a company that would be an investment company
but for certain exclusions under the 1940 Act;
and
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(c)
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satisfies
any of the following:
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(i)
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does
not have outstanding any class of securities with respect to which a
broker or dealer may extend margin
credit;
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(ii)
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is
controlled by a BDC or a group of companies including a BDC and the BDC
has an affiliated person who is a director of the eligible portfolio
company;
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(iii)
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is
a small and solvent company having total assets of not more than $4
million and capital and surplus of not less than $2 million;
or
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(iv)
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does
not have any class of securities listed on a national securities
exchange.
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Securities
of any eligible portfolio company that we
control;
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Securities
purchased in a private transaction from a U.S. issuer that is not an
investment company and is in bankruptcy and subject to
reorganization;
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Securities
received in exchange for or distributed on or with respect to securities
described above, or pursuant to the conversion of warrants or rights
relating to such securities;
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Cash,
cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or high-quality debt
securities maturing in one year or less from the time of investment;
and
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Under
certain circumstances, securities of companies that were eligible
portfolio companies at the time of the initial investment but that are not
eligible portfolio companies at the time of the follow-on
investment.
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In May
2008, the SEC adopted a rule under the 1940 Act that further expands the
definition of an “eligible portfolio company” to include certain domestic
operating companies that list their securities on a national securities
exchange.
Significant
Managerial Assistance
A BDC must have been organized and have
its principal place of business in the United States and must be operated for
the purpose of making investments in the types of securities described above.
However, to count portfolio securities as “qualifying assets” for the purpose of
the 70% test, the BDC must either control the issuer of the securities or must
offer to make available to the issuer of the securities (other than small and
solvent companies described above) significant managerial assistance; except
that, where the BDC purchases such securities in conjunction with one or more
other persons acting together, one of the other persons in the group may make
available such managerial assistance. Making available significant managerial
assistance means, among other things, any arrangement whereby the BDC, through
its directors, officers or employees, offers to provide, and, if accepted, does
so provide, significant
guidance and counsel concerning the
management, operations or business objectives and policies of a portfolio
company through monitoring of portfolio company operations, selective
participation in board and management meetings, consulting with and advising a
portfolio company’s officers or other organizational or financial
guidance.
Temporary
Investments
Pending
investment in other types of “qualifying assets,” as described above, our
investments may consist of cash, cash equivalents, U.S. government securities or
high quality debt securities maturing in one year or less from the time of
investment, which we refer to, collectively, as temporary investments, so that
at least 70% of our assets are “qualifying assets.” Typically, we invest in U.S.
treasury bills or in repurchase agreements, provided that such agreements are
fully collateralized by cash or securities issued by the U.S. government or its
agencies. A repurchase agreement involves the purchase by an investor, such as
us, of a specified security and the simultaneous agreement by the seller to
repurchase it at an agreed upon future date and at a price which is greater than
the purchase price by an amount that reflects an agreed-upon interest rate.
There is no percentage restriction on the proportion of our assets that may be
invested in such repurchase agreements. However, if more than 25% of our total
assets constitute repurchase agreements that are treated, under applicable tax
rules, as being issued by a single counterparty, we would not meet the
diversification tests imposed on us by the Code to qualify for tax treatment as
a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Thus, we do not intend to enter into
repurchase agreements treated as issued, under applicable tax rules, by a single
counterparty in excess of this limit. We monitor the creditworthiness of the
counterparties with which we enter into repurchase agreement
transactions.
Senior
Securities and Coverage Ratio
We are
permitted, under specified conditions, to issue multiple classes of indebtedness
and one class of stock senior to our common stock if our asset coverage, as
defined in the 1940 Act, is at least equal to 200% immediately after each such
issuance. In addition, with respect to certain types of senior securities, we
must make provisions to prohibit any dividend distribution to our stockholders
or the repurchase of certain of our securities, unless we meet the applicable
asset coverage ratios at the time of the dividend distribution or repurchase. We
may also borrow amounts up to 5% of the value of our total assets for temporary
purposes. For a discussion of the risks associated with the resulting leverage,
see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Our Business—The debt we incur could increase
the risk of investing in our Company.” Our asset coverage ratio was below 200%
as of December 31, 2008. However, as of March 12, 2009, our Facility balance was
approximately $245 million and asset coverage ratio was approximately 209%,
above the minimum asset coverage level generally required for a BDC by the 1940
Act. See “LEVERAGE.”
Code
of Ethics
We
adopted and maintain a code of ethics pursuant to Rule 17j-1 under the 1940 Act
that establishes procedures for personal investments and restricts certain
personal securities transactions. Personnel subject to the code may invest in
securities for their personal investment accounts, including securities that may
be purchased or held by us, so long as such investments are made in accordance
with the code’s requirements. We may be prohibited under the 1940 Act from
conducting certain transactions with our affiliates without the prior approval
of our directors who are not interested persons and, in some cases, the prior
approval of the SEC. You can obtain a copy of the code of ethics by any of the
methods described under “Available Information.”
Privacy
Principles
We are
committed to maintaining the privacy of our stockholders and safeguarding their
non-public personal information. The following information is provided to help
you understand what personal information we collect, how we protect that
information and why, in certain cases, we may share information with select
other parties.
Generally,
we do not receive any non-public personal information relating to our
stockholders, although some non-public personal information of our stockholders
may become available to us. We do not disclose any non-public personal
information about our stockholders or former stockholders to anyone, except as
is necessary to service stockholder accounts, such as to a transfer agent, or as
otherwise permitted by law.
We
restrict access to non-public personal information about our stockholders to our
employees with a legitimate business need for the information. We maintain
physical, electronic and procedural safeguards designed to protect the
non-public personal information of our stockholders.
Proxy
Voting Policy and Procedures
Although
most of the securities we hold are not voting securities, some of our
investments may entitle us to vote proxies. We vote proxies relating to our
portfolio securities in the best interest of our stockholders. We review on a
case-by-case basis each proposal submitted to a stockholder vote to determine
its impact on the portfolio securities held by us. Although we generally vote
against proposals that we believe may have a negative impact on our portfolio
securities, we may vote for such a proposal if we believe there exists a
compelling long-term reason to do so.
Our proxy
voting decisions are made by our Investment Committee, which is responsible for
monitoring each of our investments. To ensure that our vote is not the product
of a conflict of interest, we require that (1) anyone involved in the
decision making process disclose to our CCO any potential conflict that he or
she is aware of and any contact that he or she has had with any interested party
regarding a proxy vote; and (2) employees involved in the decision making
process or vote administration are prohibited from revealing how we intend to
vote on a proposal to reduce any attempted influence from interested
parties.
Other
We will
be periodically examined by the SEC for compliance with the 1940
Act.
We will
not “concentrate” our investments, that is, invest 25% or more of our assets in
any particular industry (determined at the time of investment).
We are
required to provide and maintain a bond issued by a reputable fidelity insurance
company to protect us against larceny and embezzlement. Furthermore, as a BDC,
we are prohibited from indemnifying any director or officer against any
liability to our stockholders arising from willful misfeasance, bad faith, gross
negligence or reckless disregard of the duties involved in the conduct of such
person’s office.
We are
required to adopt and implement written policies and procedures reasonably
designed to prevent violation of the federal securities laws and to review these
policies and procedures annually for their adequacy and the effectiveness of
their implementation. We have a designated CCO who is responsible for
administering these policies and procedures.
CERTAIN
UNITED STATES FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
The
following discussion is a general summary of certain material U.S. federal
income tax considerations applicable to us and to an investment in our shares.
This summary does not purport to be a complete description of the income tax
considerations applicable to such an investment. For example, we have not
described tax consequences that we assume to be generally known by investors or
certain considerations that may be relevant to certain types of holders subject
to special treatment under U.S. federal income tax laws, including stockholders
subject to the alternative minimum tax, tax-exempt organizations, insurance
companies, regulated investment companies, dealers in securities, pension plans
and trusts, and financial institutions. This summary assumes that investors hold
our common stock as capital assets (within the meaning of the
Code). The discussion is based upon the Code, Treasury regulations,
and administrative and judicial interpretations, each as in effect as of the
date of this filing and all of which are subject to change, possibly
retroactively, which could affect the continuing validity of this discussion.
This summary does not discuss any aspects of U.S. estate or gift tax or foreign,
state or local tax. It does not discuss the special treatment under U.S. federal
income tax laws that could result if we invested in tax-exempt securities or
certain other investment assets in which we do not currently intend to
invest.
A “U.S.
stockholder” generally is a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock who
is for U.S. federal income tax purposes:
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a
citizen or individual resident of the United States including an alien
individual who is a lawful permanent resident of the United States or
meets the “substantial presence” test in Section 7701(b) of the
Code;
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a
corporation or other entity taxable as a corporation, for U.S. federal
income tax purposes, created or organized in or under the laws of the
United States or any political subdivision
thereof;
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a
trust over the administration of which a court in the U.S. has primary
supervision or over which U.S. persons have control;
or
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an
estate, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation
regardless of its source.
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A
“Non-U.S. stockholder” is a beneficial owner of shares of our common stock that
is neither a U.S. stockholder nor a partnership for U.S. federal income tax
purposes. If a partnership (including an entity treated as a partnership for
U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds shares of our common stock, the tax
treatment of a partner in the partnership will generally depend upon the status
of the partner and the activities of the partnership. A prospective stockholder
who is a partner of a partnership holding shares of our common stock should
consult his, her or its tax advisors with respect to the purchase, ownership and
disposition of shares of our common stock.
Tax
matters are very complicated and the tax consequences to an investor of an
investment in our shares will depend on the facts of his, her or its particular
situation. We encourage investors to consult their tax advisors regarding the
specific consequences of such an investment, including tax reporting
requirements, the applicability of U.S. federal, state, local and foreign tax
laws, eligibility for the benefits of any applicable tax treaty and the effect
of any possible changes in the tax laws.
Election
to be Taxed as a Regulated Investment Company
As a BDC,
we have elected to be treated as a RIC under Subchapter M of the Code commencing
with our taxable year ended December 31, 2006. As a RIC, we generally will
not have to pay corporate-level taxes on any income or gains that we distribute
to our stockholders as dividends. To qualify for treatment as a RIC, we must,
among other things, meet certain source-of-income and asset diversification
requirements (as described below). In addition, to qualify for treatment as a
RIC, we must distribute to our stockholders, for each taxable year, at least 90%
of our “net investment company income,” which is generally the sum of our net
investment income plus the excess, if any, of realized net short-term capital
gains over realized net long-term capital losses (the “Annual Distribution
Requirement”).
Taxation
as a Regulated Investment Company
For any
taxable year in which we qualify as a RIC and satisfy the Annual Distribution
Requirement, we generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income tax on the
portion of our investment company taxable income and net capital gain (
i.e.
, net realized long-term
capital gains in excess of net realized short-term capital losses) we distribute
to stockholders with respect to that year. We will be subject to U.S. federal
income tax at the regular corporate rates on any net ordinary income or capital
gain not distributed (or deemed distributed) to our stockholders. As a RIC, we
will be subject to a 4% nondeductible U.S. federal excise tax on certain net
taxable undistributed income unless we distribute in a timely manner an amount
at least equal to the sum of (1) 98% of our net ordinary income for each
calendar year, (2) 98% of our capital gain net income for the 1-year period
ending October 31 in that calendar year and (3) any net income
realized, but not distributed, in the preceding year. We will not be subject to
excise taxes on amounts on which we are required to pay corporate income tax
(such as retained net capital gains). We currently intend to make sufficient
distributions each taxable year and/or pay sufficient corporate income tax to
avoid any excise tax liability, although we reserve the right to pay an excise
tax rather than make an additional distribution when circumstances warrant
(e.g., the payment of an excise tax amount that we deem to be de
minimis).
To
qualify for tax treatment as a RIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes, in
addition to satisfying the Annual Distribution Requirement, we must, among other
things:
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have
in effect at all times during each taxable year an election to be
regulated as a BDC under the 1940
Act;
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in
each taxable year, derive at least 90% of our gross income from
(a) dividends, interest, payments with respect to certain securities
loans, gains from the sale of stock or other securities, or other income
derived with respect to our business of investing in such stock or
securities and (b) net income derived from an interest in a
“qualified publicly traded partnership” (as defined by the Code) (all such
income “Qualifying Income”); and
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diversify
our holdings so that at the end of each quarter of the taxable year:
(i) at least 50% of the value of our assets consists of cash, cash
equivalents, U.S. government securities, securities of other RICs, and
other securities if such other securities of any one issuer do not
represent more than 5% of the value of our assets or more than 10% of the
outstanding voting securities of such issuer; and (ii) no more than
25% of the value of our assets is invested in the securities, other than
U.S. government securities or securities of other RICs, of (a) one
issuer, (b) two or more issuers that are controlled, as determined
under applicable tax rules, by us and that are engaged in the same or
similar or related trades or businesses or (c) one or more “qualified
publicly traded partnerships” (the “Diversification
Tests”).
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We
conduct the business of Katonah Debt Advisors through direct or indirect
subsidiaries. Some of our subsidiaries are treated as corporations for U.S.
federal income tax purposes. As a result, such subsidiaries will be subject to
tax at regular corporate rates. We will recognize income from these subsidiaries
to the extent that we receive dividends and distributions of capital from these
subsidiaries. Some of the wholly-owned subsidiaries may be treated as
disregarded entities for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, we may
directly recognize fee income earned by these subsidiaries. Fee income that we
recognize directly through entities that are treated as disregarded entities for
U.S. federal tax purposes will generally not constitute Qualifying Income. We
intend to monitor our recognition of fee income to ensure that at least 90% of
our gross income in each taxable year is Qualifying Income.
We may be
required to recognize taxable income in circumstances in which we do not receive
cash. For example, if we hold debt obligations that are treated under applicable
tax rules as having original issue discount (such as debt instruments with
payment in kind (“PIK”) interest or, in certain cases, with increasing interest
rates or that are issued with warrants), we must include in income each year a
portion of the original issue discount that accrues over the life of the
obligation, regardless of whether cash representing such income is received by
us in the same taxable year. Because any original issue discount accrued will be
included in our investment company taxable income for the year of accrual, we
may be required to make a distribution to our stockholders to satisfy the Annual
Distribution Requirement, even though we will not have received an amount of
cash that corresponds with the income accrued.
However,
pursuant to guidance issued in 2009 by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, under
certain circumstances it is possible for us to meet the Annual Distribution
Requirement for 2009 even though we limit how much cash (and other property
which is not our stock) that we distribute in the aggregate to our stockholders
(which limit can be as low as 10%) when compared to how much cash (and other
property which is not our stock) that we would need to distribute for us to meet
the Annual Distribution Requirement without relying on such guidance (a
"qualifying limited-cash distribution"). In the case of a qualifying
limited-cash distribution, to the extent we do not distribute cash (and other
property which is not our stock), we must distribute shares of our stock (based
on a market-price valuation method determined pursuant to such guidance) to our
stockholders as part of such distribution. While we have not
made any qualifying limited-cash distributions to date, we reserve the right to
make such distributions in the future, subject to compliance with applicable tax
requirements.
We could
also be subject to a U.S. federal income tax (including interest charges) on
distributions received from investments in passive foreign investment companies
“PFICs” (defined below) or on proceeds received from the disposition of shares
in PFICs, which tax cannot be eliminated by making distributions to our
stockholders. A PFIC is any foreign corporation in which (i) 75% or more of
the gross income for the taxable year is passive income, or (ii) the
average percentage of the assets (generally by value, but by adjusted tax basis
in certain cases) that produce or are held for the production of passive income
is at least 50%. Generally, passive income for this purpose means dividends,
interest (including income equivalent to interest), royalties, rents, annuities,
the excess of gains over losses from certain property transactions and
commodities transactions, and foreign currency gains. Passive income for this
purpose does not include rents and royalties received by the foreign corporation
from active business and certain income received from related persons. If we are
in a position to treat and so treat such a PFIC as a “qualified electing fund”
(“QEF”) we will be required to include our share of the company’s income and net
capital gain annually, regardless of whether we receive any distribution from
the company. Alternately, we may make an election to mark the gains (and to a
limited extent losses) in such holdings “to the market” as though we had sold
and repurchased our holdings in those PFICs on the last day of our taxable year.
Such gains and losses are treated as ordinary income and loss. The QEF and
mark-to-market elections may have the effect of accelerating the recognition of
income (without the receipt of cash) and increasing the amount required to be
distributed for us to avoid taxation.
We may
also invest in “controlled foreign corporations” (“CFCs”). A non-U.S.
corporation will be a CFC if “U.S. Shareholders” (
i.e.
, each U.S. investor
that owns (directly or by attribution) 10% or more of the interests in the
non-U.S. corporation (by vote)) own (directly or by attribution) more than 50%
(by vote or value) of the outstanding interests of the non-U.S. corporation. If
we are a U.S. Shareholder with respect to a non-U.S. corporation, we will be
required each year to include in income our pro rata share of the corporation’s
“Subpart F income” (as defined in the Code). Therefore, investments in CFCs may
have the effect of accelerating the recognition of income (without the receipt
of cash) and increasing the amount required to be distributed for us to avoid
taxation.
We are
authorized to borrow funds and to sell assets to satisfy the Annual Distribution
Requirement and to avoid any excise tax liability. However, depending on the
types of debt and equity securities we have outstanding, we may be prohibited
under the 1940 Act from making distributions to our stockholders while our debt
obligations and other senior securities are outstanding unless certain “asset
coverage” tests are met. See “Regulation—Senior Securities; Coverage Ratio.”
Moreover, our ability to dispose of assets to meet the Annual Distribution
Requirement and to avoid any excise tax liability may be limited by (1) the
illiquid nature of our portfolio, or (2) other requirements relating to our
tax treatment as a RIC, including the Diversification Tests. If we dispose of
assets to meet the Annual Distribution Requirements and to avoid any excise tax
liability, we may make such dispositions at times that, from an investment
standpoint, are not advantageous.
Gain or
loss realized by us from the sale or exchange of warrants acquired by us as well
as any loss attributable to the lapse of such warrants generally will be treated
as capital gain or loss. Such gain or loss generally will be long-term or
short-term, depending on how long we held a particular warrant. Our transactions
in options, futures contracts, hedging transactions and forward contracts will
be subject to special tax rules, the effect of which may be to accelerate income
to us, defer losses, cause adjustments to the holding periods of our
investments, convert long-term capital gains into short-term capital gains,
convert short-term capital losses into long-term capital losses or have other
tax consequences. These rules could affect the amount, timing and character of
distributions to stockholders. We do not currently intend to engage in these
types of transactions.
A RIC is
not permitted to deduct expenses in excess of its “investment company taxable
income” (which is, generally, ordinary income plus net short-term capital gains
in excess of net long-term capital losses). If our expenses in a given year
exceed investment company taxable income (
e.g.
, as the result of large
amounts of equity-based compensation), we would experience a net operating loss
for that year. However, a RIC is not permitted to carry forward net operating
losses to subsequent years. In addition, expenses can be used only to offset
investment company taxable income, not net capital gain (that is, the excess of
net long-term capital gains over the net short-term capital losses). Due to
these limits on the deductibility of expenses, we may for tax purposes have
aggregate taxable income over a period of several years that we are required to
distribute and that is taxable to our stockholders even if such income is
greater than the net income we actually earned during those years in the
aggregate. Such required distributions may be made from our cash assets or by
liquidation of investments, if necessary. We may realize gains or losses from
such liquidations. In the event we realize net capital gains from such
transactions, you may receive a larger capital gain distribution than you would
have received in the absence of such transactions. Assuming we qualify for tax
treatment as a RIC, our corporate-level U.S. federal income tax should be
substantially reduced or eliminated, and, as explained below in “—Taxation of
U.S. Stockholders,” a portion of our distributions or deemed distributions may
be characterized as long-term capital gain in the hands of stockholders. Except
as otherwise provided, the remainder of this discussion assumes that we qualify
for tax treatment as a RIC and have satisfied the Annual Distribution
Requirement.
Failure
to Qualify as a Regulated Investment Company
If we
were to fail to qualify for tax treatment as a RIC (including if our Board of
Directors elected to temporarily or permanently revoke our RIC election), we
would be subject to tax on all of our taxable income at regular corporate rates.
We would not be able to deduct distributions to stockholders, nor would
distributions be required to be made. Such distributions would be taxable to our
stockholders as dividend income to the extent of our current and accumulated
earnings and profits and (if made during a taxable year beginning before
January 1, 2011) provided certain holding period and other requirements
were met, could potentially qualify for treatment as “qualified dividend income”
in the hands of stockholders taxed as individuals eligible for the 15% maximum
rate. Subject to certain limitations under the Code, corporate distributees may
be eligible for the dividends received deduction with respect to our dividend
distributions. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings
and profits would be treated first as a return of capital to the extent of the
stockholder’s tax basis, and any remaining distributions would be treated as a
capital gain. To requalify as a RIC in a subsequent taxable year, we would be
required to satisfy the RIC qualification requirements for that year and dispose
of any earnings and profits from any year in which we failed to qualify for tax
treatment as a RIC. Subject to a limited exception applicable to RICs that
qualified as such under Subchapter M of the Code for at least one year prior to
disqualification and that requalify as a RIC no later than the second year
following the nonqualifying year, we could be subject to tax on any unrealized
net built-in gains in the assets held by us during the period in which we failed
to qualify for tax treatment as a RIC that are recognized within the subsequent
10 years, unless we made a special election to pay corporate-level tax on such
built-in gain at the time of our requalification as a RIC.
Taxation
of U.S. Stockholders
For U.S.
federal income tax purposes, distributions by us generally are taxable to U.S.
stockholders as ordinary income or capital gains. Distributions of our
“investment company taxable income” (which is, generally, our ordinary income
plus net realized short-term capital gains in excess of net realized long-term
capital losses) will be taxable as ordinary income to U.S. stockholders to the
extent of our current or accumulated earnings and profits, whether paid in cash
or reinvested in additional common stock through our dividend reinvestment plan.
For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, to the extent such
distributions paid by us are attributable to dividends from U.S. corporations
and certain qualified foreign corporations, such distributions may be designated
by us as “qualified dividend income” eligible to be taxed in the hands of
non-corporate stockholders at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains,
provided holding period and other requirements are met at both the stockholder
and company levels. In this regard, it is anticipated that distributions paid by
us generally will not be attributable to dividends and, therefore, generally
will not be qualified dividend income. Distributions of our net capital gains
(which is generally our realized net long-term capital gains in excess of
realized net short-term capital losses) properly designated by us as “capital
gain dividends” will be taxable to a U.S. stockholder as long-term capital gains
(currently at a maximum rate of 15% in the case of individuals, trusts or
estates), regardless of the U.S. stockholder’s holding period for his, her or
its common stock and regardless of whether paid in cash or reinvested in
additional common stock. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated
earnings and profits first will reduce a U.S. stockholder’s adjusted tax basis
in such stockholder’s common stock and, after the adjusted basis is reduced to
zero, will constitute capital gains to such U.S. stockholder.
We may
retain some or all of our realized net long-term capital gains in excess of
realized net short-term capital losses and designate the retained net capital
gains as a “deemed distribution.” In that case, among other consequences, we
will pay tax on the retained amount, each U.S. stockholder will be required to
include his, her or its share of the deemed distribution in income as if it had
been actually distributed to the U.S. stockholder, and the U.S. stockholder will
be entitled to claim a credit equal to his, her or its allocable share of the
tax paid thereon by us. The amount of the deemed distribution net of such tax
will be added to the U.S. stockholder’s cost basis for his, her or its common
stock. Since we expect to pay tax on any retained net capital gains at our
regular corporate tax rate, and since that rate is in excess of the maximum rate
currently payable by individuals on long-term capital gains, the amount of tax
that individual stockholders will be treated as having paid and for which they
will receive a credit will exceed the tax they owe on the retained net capital
gain. Such excess generally may be claimed as a credit against the U.S.
stockholder’s other federal income tax obligations or may be refunded to the
extent it exceeds a stockholder’s liability for U.S. federal income tax. A
stockholder that is not subject to U.S. federal income tax or otherwise required
to file a U.S. federal income tax return would be required to file a U.S.
federal income tax return on the appropriate form to claim a refund for the
taxes we paid. For U.S. federal income tax purposes, the tax basis of shares
owned by a stockholder generally will be increased by an amount equal to the
difference between the amount of undistributed capital gains included in the
stockholder’s gross income and the tax deemed paid by the stockholder as
described in this paragraph. To utilize the deemed distribution approach, we
must provide written notice to our stockholders prior to the expiration of 60
days after the close of the relevant taxable year. We cannot treat any of our
investment company taxable income as a “deemed distribution.” We may also make
actual distributions to our stockholders of some or all of realized net
long-term capital gains in excess of realized net short-term capital
losses.
For
purposes of determining (1) whether the Annual Distribution Requirement is
satisfied for any year and (2) the amount of capital gain dividends paid
for that year, we may, under certain circumstances, elect to treat a dividend
that is paid during the following taxable year as if it had been paid during the
taxable year in question. If we make such an election, the U.S. stockholder will
still be treated as receiving the dividend in the taxable year in which the
distribution is made. However, any dividend declared by us in October, November
or December of any calendar year, payable to stockholders of record on a
specified date in such a month and actually paid during January of the following
year, will be treated as if it had been received by our U.S. stockholders on
December 31 of the year in which the dividend was declared. A U.S.
stockholder generally will recognize taxable gain or loss if the U.S.
stockholder sells or otherwise disposes of his, her or its shares of our common
stock. Any gain arising from such sale or disposition generally will be treated
as long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held his, her or
its shares for more than one year. Otherwise, it will be classified as
short-term capital gain or loss. However, any capital loss arising from the sale
or disposition of shares of our common stock held for six months or less will be
treated as long-term capital loss to the extent of the amount of capital gain
dividends received, or undistributed capital gain deemed received, with respect
to such shares. In addition, all or a portion of any loss recognized upon a
disposition of shares of our common stock may be disallowed if other shares of
our common stock are purchased (whether through reinvestment of distributions or
otherwise) within 30 days before or after the disposition. In such a case, the
basis of the newly purchased shares will be adjusted to reflect the disallowed
loss. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011, individual U.S.
stockholders are subject to a maximum U.S. federal income tax rate of 15% on
their net capital gain (
i.e.
, the excess of realized
net long-term capital gain over realized net short-term capital loss for a
taxable year) including any long-term capital gain derived from an investment in
our shares. Such rate is lower than the maximum rate on ordinary income
currently payable by individuals. Corporate U.S. stockholders currently are
subject to U.S. federal income tax on net capital gain at the maximum 35% rate
also applied to ordinary income. Non-corporate stockholders with net capital
losses for a year (
i.e.
, capital losses in
excess of capital gains) generally may deduct up to $3,000 of such losses
against their ordinary income each year ($1,500 for married individuals filing
separately); any net capital losses of a non-corporate stockholder in excess of
$3,000 ($1,500 for married individuals filing separately) generally may be
carried forward and used in subsequent years as provided in the Code. Corporate
stockholders generally may not deduct any net capital losses for a year, but may
carry back such losses for three years or carry forward such losses for five
years.
Distributions
are taxable to stockholders even if they are paid from income or gains earned by
us before a stockholder’s investment (and thus were included in the price the
stockholder paid). If an investor purchases shares of our common stock shortly
before the record date of a distribution, the price of the shares will include
the value of the distribution and the investor will be subject to tax on the
distribution even though economically, it may represent a return of his, her or
its investment. Distributions are taxable whether stockholders receive them in
cash or reinvest them in additional shares through the Dividend Reinvestment
Plan. A stockholder whose distributions are reinvested in shares will be treated
as having received a dividend equal to either (i) the fair market value of
the shares issued to the stockholder (if we issue new shares), or (ii) the
amount of cash allocated to the stockholder for the purchase of shares on its
behalf (if we purchase shares on the open market). We will send to each of our
U.S. stockholders, as promptly as possible after the end of each calendar year,
a notice detailing, on a per share and per distribution basis, the amounts
includible in such U.S. stockholder’s taxable income for such year as ordinary
income and as long-term capital gain. In addition, the U.S. federal tax status
of each year’s distributions generally will be reported to the IRS (including
the amount of dividends, if any, eligible for the 15% “qualified dividend
income” rate). Distributions may also be subject to additional state, local and
foreign taxes depending on a U.S. stockholder’s particular situation. Dividends
distributed by us generally will not be eligible for the corporate
dividends-received deduction or the preferential rate applicable to “qualified
dividend income.”
We may be
required to withhold U.S. federal income tax (“backup withholding”), currently
at a rate of 28%, from all distributions to any non-corporate U.S. stockholder
(1) who fails to furnish us with a correct taxpayer identification number
or a certificate that such stockholder is exempt from backup withholding, or
(2) with respect to whom the IRS notifies us that such stockholder has
failed to properly report certain interest and dividend income to the IRS and to
respond to notices to that effect. An individual’s taxpayer identification
number is his or her social security number. Any amount withheld under backup
withholding is allowed as a credit against the U.S. stockholder’s federal income
tax liability, provided that proper information is provided to the
IRS.
Under
Treasury regulations, if a stockholder recognizes a loss with respect to our
shares of $2 million or more for an individual stockholder or $10 million for a
corporate stockholder, the stockholder must file with the IRS a disclosure
statement on Form 8886. Direct stockholders of portfolio securities are in many
cases excepted from this reporting requirement, but under current guidance,
stockholders of a RIC are not excepted. Future guidance may extend the current
exception from this reporting requirement to stockholders of most or all RICs.
The fact that a loss is reportable under these regulations does not affect the
legal determination of whether a taxpayer’s treatment of the loss is proper.
Stockholders should consult their tax advisors to determine the applicability of
these regulations in light of their individual circumstances.
Taxation
of Non-U.S. Stockholders
Whether
an investment in the shares is appropriate for a non-U.S. stockholder will
depend upon that person’s particular circumstances. Non-U.S. stockholders should
consult their tax advisors before investing in our common stock. In general,
dividend distributions (other than certain distributions derived from net
long-term capital gains, certain interest income and short term capital gains,
as described below) paid by us to a non-U.S. stockholder are subject to
withholding of U.S. federal income tax at a rate of 30% (or lower applicable
treaty rate) even if they are funded by income or gains that, if paid to a
non-U.S. stockholder directly, would not be subject to withholding. If the
distributions are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the
non-U.S. stockholder, (and, if an income tax treaty applies, attributable to a
permanent establishment in the United States), we will not be required to
withhold federal tax if the non-U.S. stockholder complies with applicable
certification and disclosure requirements, although the distributions will be
subject to U.S. federal income tax at the rates applicable to U.S. stockholders.
(Special certification requirements apply to a non-U.S. stockholder that is a
foreign partnership or a foreign trust and such entities are urged to consult
their tax advisors.) For taxable years beginning prior to January 1, 2008,
except as provided below, we generally will not be required to withhold any
amounts with respect to certain distributions of (1) U.S.-source interest
income that meets certain requirements, and (2) net short-term capital
gains in excess of net long-term capital losses, in each case to the extent we
properly designate such distributions. We intend to make such designations. In
respect of distributions described in clause (1) above, however, we will be
required to withhold amounts with respect to distributions to a non-U.S.
stockholder:
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that
has not provided a satisfactory statement that the beneficial owner is not
a U.S. person;
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to
the extent that the dividend is attributable to certain interest on an
obligation if the non-U.S. stockholder is the issuer or is a 10%
stockholder of the issuer;
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that
is within certain foreign countries that have inadequate information
exchange with the United States; or
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to
the extent the dividend is attributable to interest paid by a person that
is a related person of the non-U.S. stockholder and the non-U.S.
stockholder is a “controlled foreign corporation” for U.S. federal income
tax purposes.
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Actual or
deemed distributions of our net capital gain to a non-U.S. stockholder, and
gains realized by a non-U.S. stockholder upon the sale of our common stock, will
not be subject to U.S. federal withholding tax and generally will not be subject
to U.S. federal income tax unless the distributions or gain, as the case may be,
are effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business of the non-U.S.
stockholder (and, if an income tax treaty applies, are attributable to a
permanent establishment maintained by the non-U.S. stockholder in the U.S.), or
in the case of an individual stockholder, the stockholder is present in the U.S.
for a period or periods aggregating 183 days or more during the year of the sale
or capital gain dividend and certain other conditions are met. If we distribute
our net capital gain in the form of deemed rather than actual distributions, a
non-U.S. stockholder will be entitled to a U.S. federal income tax credit or tax
refund equal to the stockholder’s allocable share of the tax we pay on the
capital gains deemed to have been distributed. To obtain the refund, the
non-U.S. stockholder must obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number and file
a U.S. federal income tax return even if the non-U.S. stockholder would not
otherwise be required to obtain a U.S. taxpayer identification number or file a
U.S. federal income tax return. For a corporate non-U.S. stockholder,
distributions (both actual and deemed), and gains realized upon the sale of our
common stock that are effectively connected to a U.S. trade or business may,
under certain circumstances, be subject to an additional “branch profits tax” at
a 30% rate (or at a lower rate if provided for by an applicable
treaty).
A
non-U.S. stockholder who is a non-resident alien individual, and who is
otherwise subject to withholding of U.S. federal tax, may be subject to
information reporting and backup withholding of U.S. federal income tax on
dividends unless the non-U.S. stockholder provides us or the dividend paying
agent with an IRS Form W-8BEN (or an acceptable substitute or successor form) or
otherwise meets documentary evidence requirements for establishing that it is a
non-U.S. stockholder or otherwise establishes an exemption from backup
withholding. Investment in the shares may not be appropriate for a non-U.S.
stockholder. Non-U.S. persons should consult their tax advisors with respect to
the U.S. federal income tax and withholding tax, and state, local and foreign
tax consequences of an investment in the shares.
DIVIDEND
REINVESTMENT PLAN
We have
adopted a dividend reinvestment plan that provides for reinvestment of our
distributions on behalf of our stockholders, unless a stockholder elects to
receive cash as provided below. As a result, if our Board of Directors
authorizes, and we declare, a cash dividend, then our stockholders who have not
“opted out” of our dividend reinvestment plan will have their cash dividends
automatically reinvested in additional shares of our common stock, rather than
receiving the cash.
No action
is required on the part of a registered stockholder to have their cash dividend
reinvested in shares of our common stock. A registered stockholder may elect to
receive an entire dividend in cash by notifying American Stock
Transfer & Trust Company, the plan administrator and our transfer agent
and registrar, in writing so that such notice is received by the plan
administrator no later than the record date for dividends to stockholders. The
plan administrator will set up an account for shares acquired through the plan
for each stockholder who has not elected to receive dividends in cash and hold
such shares in non-certificated form. Upon request by a stockholder
participating in the plan, received in writing not less than ten days prior to
the record date, the plan administrator will, instead of crediting shares to the
participant’s account, issue a certificate registered in the participant’s name
for the number of whole shares of our common stock and a check for any
fractional share.
Those
stockholders whose shares are held by a broker or other financial intermediary
may receive dividends in cash by notifying their broker or other financial
intermediary of their election.
We intend
to use primarily newly issued shares to implement the plan, whether our shares
are trading at a premium or at a discount to net asset value. However, we
reserve the right to purchase shares in the open market in connection with our
implementation of the plan. The number of shares to be issued to a stockholder
is determined by dividing the total dollar amount of the dividend payable to
such stockholder by the market price per share of our common stock at the close
of regular trading on The NASDAQ Global Select Market on the dividend payment
date. Market price per share on that date will be the closing price for such
shares on The NASDAQ Global Select Market or, if no sale is reported for such
day, at the average of their reported bid and asked prices. The number of shares
of our common stock to be outstanding after giving effect to payment of the
dividend cannot be established until the value per share at which additional
shares will be issued has been determined and elections of our stockholders have
been tabulated.
There are
no brokerage charges or other charges to stockholders who participate in the
plan. The plan administrator’s fees under the plan are paid by us. If a
participant elects by written notice to the plan administrator to have the plan
administrator sell part or all of the shares held by the plan administrator in
the participant’s account and remit the proceeds to the participant, the plan
administrator is authorized to deduct a $15.00 transaction fee plus a $0.10 per
share brokerage commission from the proceeds.
If your
dividends are reinvested, you will be required to pay tax on the distributions
in the same manner as if the distributions were received in cash. The taxation
of dividends will not be affected by the form in which you receive them. See
“Certain United States Federal Income Tax Considerations.”
Participants
may terminate their accounts under the plan by notifying the plan administrator
via its website at www.amstock.com, by filling out the transaction request form
located at bottom of their statement and sending it to the plan administrator at
the address set forth below or by calling the plan administrator at
1-866-668-8564.
The plan
may be terminated by us upon notice in writing mailed to each participant at
least 30 days prior to any record date for the payment of any dividend by us.
All correspondence concerning the plan should be directed to, and additional
information about the plan may be obtained from, the plan administrator by mail
at American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, Attn. Dividend Reinvestment
Department, P.O. Box 922, Wall Street Station, New York, NY 10269-0560 or by
telephone at 1-866-668-8564.
Investing
in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. The risks set forth below
are not the only risks we face. If any of the following risks occur, our
business, financial condition and results of our operations could be materially
adversely affected. In such case, the net asset value and the trading price of
our common stock could decline, and you may lose all or part of your
investment.
Risks
Related to Our Business
We
have a limited operating history.
We were
organized in August 2006 to continue the middle market investment business and
asset management business of Katonah Debt Advisors, which was organized in 2005
by Kohlberg & Co. Katonah Debt Advisors commenced its asset management
operations with the hiring of E.A. Kratzman, its President (who also serves as
our Vice President and a member of our Investment Committee), in June 2005 and
began its middle market lending operations in February 2006 with the hiring of
Dayl W. Pearson, who serves as our President and CEO and as one of our
directors, and R. Jon Corless, who serves as our CIO. In December 2006, we
completed an initial public offering of our common stock and our common stock
was listed on The Nasdaq Global Select Market. We have a limited operating
history. As a result, we have limited operating results which demonstrate our
ability to manage our business. We are subject to all of the business risks and
uncertainties associated with any new business enterprise, including the risk
that we will not achieve our investment objective and that the value of your
investment in us could decline substantially.
We
are dependent upon senior management for our future success, and if we are
unable to hire and retain qualified personnel or if we lose any member of our
senior management team, our ability to achieve our investment objective could be
significantly harmed.
We depend
on the members of our senior management as well as other key personnel for the
identification, final selection, structuring, closing and monitoring of our
investments. These employees have critical industry experience and relationships
that we rely on to implement our business plan. Our future success depends on
the continued service of our senior management team and our Board of Directors.
The departure of any of the members of our senior management or a significant
number of our senior personnel could have a material adverse effect on our
ability to achieve our investment objective. As a result, we may not be able to
operate our business as we expect, and our ability to compete could be harmed,
which could cause our operating results to suffer.
We
operate in a highly competitive market for investment
opportunities.
A large
number of entities compete with us to make the types of investments that we plan
to make in prospective portfolio companies. We compete with other BDCs, as well
as a large number of investment funds, investment banks and other sources of
financing, including traditional financial services companies, such as
commercial banks and finance companies. Many of our competitors are
substantially larger and have considerably greater financial, technical,
marketing and other resources than we do. For example, some competitors may have
a lower cost of funds and access to funding sources that are not available to
us. This may enable some of our competitors to make commercial loans with
interest rates that are comparable to or lower than the rates we typically
offer. We may lose prospective portfolio investments if we do not match our
competitors’ pricing, terms and structure. If we do match our competitors’
pricing, terms or structure, we may experience decreased net interest income and
increased risk of credit losses. In addition, some of our competitors may have
higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments, which could allow them to
consider a wider variety of investments, establish more relationships and build
their market shares. Furthermore, many of our potential competitors have greater
experience operating under, or are not subject to, the regulatory restrictions
that the 1940 Act imposes on us as a BDC. As a result of this competition, there
can be no assurance that we will be able to identify and take advantage of
attractive investment opportunities or that we will be able to fully invest our
available capital. If we are not able to compete effectively, our business and
financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.
Although Kohlberg & Co. has agreed to notify us of equity investment
opportunities that are presented to Kohlberg & Co. but do not fit the
investment profile of Kohlberg & Co. or its affiliates, no such
referral to date has resulted in an investment by us or Katonah Debt
Advisors.
If
we are unable to source investments effectively, we may be unable to achieve our
investment objective.
Our
ability to achieve our investment objective depends on our senior management
team’s ability to identify, evaluate, finance and invest in suitable companies
that meet our investment criteria. Accomplishing this result on a cost-effective
basis is largely a function of our marketing capabilities, our management of the
investment process, our ability to provide efficient services and our access to
financing sources on acceptable terms. In addition to monitoring the performance
of our existing investments, members of our management team and our investment
professionals may also be called upon to provide managerial assistance to our
portfolio companies. These demands on their time may distract them or slow the
rate of investment. To grow, we need to continue to hire, train, supervise and
manage new employees and to implement computer and other systems capable of
effectively accommodating our growth. However, we cannot assure you that any
such employees will contribute to the success of our business or that we will
implement such systems effectively. Failure to manage our future growth
effectively could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial
condition and results of operations.
There
is a risk that we may not make distributions.
We intend
to continue to make distributions on a quarterly basis to our stockholders. We
may not be able to achieve operating results that will allow us to make
distributions at historical or any specific levels or to increase the amount of
these distributions from time to time. In addition, due to the asset coverage
test applicable to us as a BDC, depending on the types of debt and equity
securities we have outstanding, we may be limited in our ability to make
distributions. See “Distributions” and “LEVERAGE.” Also, restrictions
and provisions in our Facility may limit our ability to make distributions. If
we do not distribute a certain percentage of our income annually, we could fail
to qualify for tax treatment as a RIC and we would be subject to corporate level
U.S. federal income tax. Furthermore, in accordance with current IRS
guidance, we may make distributions under special circumstances that would allow
us to meet our annual RIC distribution requirement for 2009 (and perhaps
subsequent years) by distributing shares of our stock in lieu of a significant
portion of the cash (or other property other than our stock) that we would
otherwise be required to distribute to satisfy such distribution
requirement. See “Certain United States Federal Income Tax
Considerations.” We cannot ensure that we will make distributions at historical
or any other specified levels or at all.
We
may have difficulty paying our required distributions if we recognize income
before or without receiving cash equal to such income.
In
accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States
(“GAAP”) and the Code, we include in income certain amounts that we have not yet
received in cash, such as contracted payment-in-kind (“PIK”) interest, which
represents contractual interest added to the loan balance and due at the end of
the loan term. In addition to the cash yields received on our loans, in some
instances, certain loans may also include any of the following: end of term
payments, exit fees, balloon payment fees or prepayment fees. The increases in
loan balances as a result of contracted PIK arrangements are included in income
for the period in which such PIK interest was received, which is often in
advance of receiving cash payment, and are separately identified on our
statements of cash flows. We also may be required to include in income certain
other amounts that we will not receive in cash. Any warrants that we receive in
connection with our debt investments generally are valued as part of the
negotiation process with the particular portfolio company. As a result, a
portion of the aggregate purchase price for the debt investments and warrants is
allocated to the warrants that we receive. This generally results in “original
issue discount” for tax purposes, which we must recognize as ordinary income,
increasing the amounts we are required to distribute to qualify as a RIC
eligible for pass-through tax treatment. Because such original issue discount
income might exceed the amount of cash received in a given year with respect to
such investment, we might need to obtain cash from other sources to satisfy such
distribution requirements. Other features of the debt instruments that we hold
may also cause such instruments to generate original issue discount, resulting
in a dividend distribution requirement in excess of current cash received. Since
in certain cases we may recognize income before or without receiving cash
representing such income, we may have difficulty meeting the requirement to
distribute at least 90% of our net ordinary income and realized net short-term
capital gains in excess of realized net long-term capital losses, if any. If we
are unable to meet these distribution requirements, we will not qualify for tax
treatment as a RIC or, even if such distribution requirement is satisfied, we
may be subject to tax on the amount that is undistributed. Accordingly, we may
have to sell some of our assets, raise additional debt or equity securities or
reduce new investment originations to meet these distribution requirements and
avoid tax. See “Certain United States Federal Income Tax
Considerations.”
We
may incur losses as a result of “first loss” agreements into which we or Katonah
Debt Advisors may enter in connection with warehousing credit arrangements which
we put in place prior to raising a CLO Fund and pursuant to which we agree to
reimburse credit providers for a portion of losses (if any) on warehouse
investments.
We and
Katonah Debt Advisors may, in the future, enter into “first loss” agreements in
connection with warehouse credit lines to be established by Katonah Debt
Advisors to fund the initial accumulation of loan investments for future CLO
Funds that Katonah Debt Advisors will manage. Such agreements (referred to as
“first loss agreements” or “first loss obligations”) frequently relate to
(i) losses as a result of individual loan investments being ineligible for
purchase by the CLO Fund (typically due to a payment default on such loan) when
such fund formation is completed or, (ii) if the CLO Fund has not been
completed before the expiration of the warehouse credit line, the loss (if any,
and net of any accumulated interest income) on the resale of such loans funded
by the warehouse credit line. As a result, we may incur losses if loans and debt
obligations that had been purchased in the warehouse facility become ineligible
for inclusion in the CLO Fund or if a planned CLO Fund does not close. For
example, as a result of an engagement letter with Bear Stearns & Co. Inc.,
we have agreed to make certain payments to JP Morgan, Inc. in connection with a
settlement of claims. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of
Financial Condition and Results of Operations – COMMITMENTS.”
Any
unrealized losses we experience on our loan portfolio may be an indication of
future realized losses, which could reduce our income available for
distribution.
As a BDC,
we are required to carry our investments at market value or, if no market value
is ascertainable, at the fair value as determined in good faith by our Board of
Directors pursuant to procedures approved by our Board of Directors. Decreases
in the market values or fair values of our investments will be recorded as
unrealized losses. Any unrealized losses in our loan portfolio could be an
indication of a portfolio company’s inability to meet its repayment obligations
to us with respect to the affected loans. This could result in realized losses
in the future and ultimately in reductions of our income available for
distribution in future periods.
We
may experience fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results and
credit spreads.
We could
experience fluctuations in our quarterly and annual operating results due to a
number of factors, some of which are beyond our control, including our ability
to make investments in companies that meet our investment criteria, the interest
rate payable on the debt securities we acquire, the default rate on such
securities, the level of our expenses, variations in and the timing of the
recognition of realized and unrealized gains or losses, the degree to which we
encounter competition in our markets and general economic conditions. As a
result of these factors, results for any period should not be relied upon as
being indicative of performance in future periods.
We
are exposed to risks associated with changes in interest rates and
spreads.
Changes
in interest rates may have a substantial negative impact on our investments, the
value of our securities and our rate of return on invested capital. A reduction
in the interest spreads on new investments could also have an adverse impact on
our net interest income. An increase in interest rates could decrease the value
of any investments we hold which earn fixed interest rates, including mezzanine
securities and high-yield bonds, and also could increase our interest expense,
thereby decreasing our net income. An increase in interest rates due to an
increase in credit spreads, regardless of general interest rate fluctuations,
could also negatively impact the value of any investments we hold in our
portfolio. Also, an increase in interest rates available to investors could make
investment in our common stock less attractive if we are not able to increase
our dividend rate, which could reduce the value of our common
stock.
The
debt we incur could increase the risk of investing in our Company.
As of
December 31, 2008, we had $262 million of outstanding indebtedness, which
accrues interest based on prevailing commercial paper rates plus 0.85% (or, if
the commercial paper market is at any time unavailable, prevailing LIBOR rates
plus an applicable spread) and matures on September 29, 2010. Lenders have fixed
dollar claims on our assets that are superior to the claims of our stockholders,
and we may grant a security interest in our assets in connection with our
borrowings. In the case of a liquidation event, those lenders would receive
proceeds before our stockholders. In addition, borrowings, also known as
leverage, magnify the potential for gain or loss on amounts invested and,
therefore, increase the risks associated with investing in our securities.
Leverage is generally considered a speculative investment technique. If the
value of our assets increases, then leverage would cause the net asset value
attributable to our common stock to increase more than it otherwise would have
had we not leveraged. Conversely, if the value of our assets decreases, leverage
would cause the net asset value attributable to our common stock to decline more
than it otherwise would have had we not used leverage. Similarly, any increase
in our revenue in excess of interest expense on our borrowed funds would cause
our net income to increase more than it would without leverage. Any decrease in
our revenue would cause our net income to decline more than it would have had we
not borrowed funds and could negatively affect our ability to make distributions
on our common stock. Our ability to service any debt that we incur will depend
largely on our financial performance and will be subject to prevailing economic
conditions and competitive pressures. The current economic environment and the
availability of credit, which is severely limited, affected our ability to
extend the Facility and we may not be able to enter into another facility as a
result of such conditions should they continue.
As a BDC,
we are generally required to meet a coverage ratio of total assets to total
borrowings and other senior securities, which include all of our borrowings and
other debt securities and any preferred stock we may issue in the future, of at
least 200%. If this ratio declines below 200%, we may not be able to incur
additional debt and may need to sell a portion of our investments to repay some
debt when it is disadvantageous to do so, and we may not be able to make
distributions.
As of
December 31, 2008, we had $262 million of outstanding borrowings and our asset
coverage ratio was 196%, primarily as a result of unrealized fair value losses
on our investments. Until the minimum asset coverage level is met, we
will be unable to incur additional debt or issue securities senior to our common
stock. As a result, we will be severely limited in our ability to raise capital
to make new investments until our asset coverage ratio exceeds
200%. However, because we have no public debt or preferred stock
outstanding, failure to maintain asset coverage of at least 200% will not limit
our ability, under the 1940 Act, to pay dividends from our net investment
income.
As of
March 12, 2009, our Facility balance was approximately $245 million and our
asset coverage ratio was approximately 209%, above the minimum asset coverage
level generally required for a BDC by the 1940 Act. Under our
Facility, we must maintain a leverage ratio covenant of at least one to one
based on the ratio of the Facility outstanding balance to our most recently
reported GAAP stockholders’ equity balance (determined quarterly in conjunction
with the Company’s financial reporting filings with the Securities and Exchange
Commission) as of the Facility outstanding balance determination
date. At year-end, our leverage ratio covenant was met using the
December 31, 2008 Facility balance and the latest filed quarterly stockholders’
equity balance which, at that time, was as of September 30, 2008. We
remain in compliance with the leverage covenant ratio based on the March 12,
2009 Facility balance and the GAAP stockholders’ equity balance as of September
30, 2008.
Because
we have outstanding indebtedness, we are exposed to additional risks, including
the typical risks associated with leverage.
We borrow
funds or may issue senior securities, pursuant to our existing Facility or other
agreements, to make additional investments. With certain limited exceptions, we
are only allowed to borrow amounts or issue senior securities such that our
asset coverage, as defined in the 1940 Act, is at least 200% after such
borrowing or issuance. The amount of leverage that we employ will depend on our
management’s and our Board of Directors’ assessment of market and other factors
at the time of any proposed borrowing. There is no assurance that a leveraging
strategy will be successful. Leverage involves risks and special considerations
of stockholders, including:
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a
likelihood of greater volatility of net asset value and market price of
our common stock than a comparable portfolio without
leverage;
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exposure
to increased risk of loss if we incur debt or issue senior securities to
finance investments because a decrease in the value of our investments
would have a greater negative impact on our returns and therefore the
value of our common stock than if we did not use
leverage;
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that
the covenants contained in the documents governing the Facility or other
debt instruments could restrict our operating flexibility. Such covenants
may impose asset coverage or investment portfolio composition requirements
that are more stringent than those imposed by the 1940 Act and could
require us to liquidate investments at an inopportune time;
and
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that
we, and indirectly our stockholders, will bear the cost of leverage,
including issuance and servicing costs (
i.e.
,
interest).
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Any
requirement that we sell assets at a loss to redeem or pay interest or dividends
on any leverage, or for other reasons, would reduce our net asset value and also
make it difficult for the net asset value to recover. Our Board of Directors, in
their judgment, nevertheless may determine to use leverage if they expect that
the benefits to our stockholders of maintaining the leveraged position will
outweigh the risks.
The
agreements governing our Facility contain various covenants that limit our
discretion in operating our business and also include certain financial
covenants.
We have
entered into a credit facility that is backed by a revolving pool of loans.
Under the Facility, we are subject to limitations as to how borrowed funds may
be used, including restrictions on geographic and industry concentrations, loan
size, payment frequency and status, average life, collateral interests and
investment ratings, as well as regulatory restrictions on leverage which may
affect the amount of funding that may be obtained. There are also certain
requirements relating to portfolio performance, including required minimum
portfolio yield and limitations on delinquencies and charge-offs, a violation of
which could result in the early amortization of the Facility, limit further
advances and, in some cases, result in an event of default. An event of default
under the Facility would result, among other things, in the termination of the
availability of further funds under the Facility and an accelerated maturity
date for all amounts outstanding under the Facility, which would likely disrupt
our business and, potentially, the portfolio companies whose loans we financed
through the Facility. This could reduce our revenues and, by delaying any cash
payment allowed to us under the Facility until the lender has been paid in full,
reduce our liquidity and cash flow and impair our ability to grow our business
and maintain our qualification as a RIC. If we default under certain provisions
of the Facility, the remedies available to the lender may limit our ability to
declare dividends.
During
September 2008, we were notified by the lenders that the liquidity banks
providing the underlying funding for the Facility did not intend to renew their
liquidity facility to the lenders unless we agreed to certain revised terms for
the Facility. As a result, the lenders proposed new terms to us in order
to extend additional fundings under the Facility. We viewed such proposed
terms as unfavorable and have opted to forego the revolving credit feature of
the Facility and to amortize existing borrowings under the
Facility. In accordance with the terms of the Facility, all principal
and interest collected from the assets securing the Facility are used to
amortize the Facility through a termination date of September 29, 2010 (the
“amortization period”). During the amortization period, the interest
rate will continue to be based on prevailing commercial paper rates plus 0.85%
or, if the commercial paper market is at any time unavailable, prevailing LIBOR
rates plus an applicable spread.
We
believe we have sufficient cash and liquid assets to fund normal operations and
dividend distributions. However, because we are required to use
interest income earned on the assets securing the Facility to amortize the
Facility during the amortization period, we may need to sell other assets not
pledged to secure the Facility, potentially at a loss, in order to generate
sufficient cash to make the required dividend distributions necessary to
maintain our RIC status. In addition, at the end of the amortization
period, we may be required to sell or transfer the remaining assets securing the
Facility, potentially at a loss, to repay any remaining outstanding borrowings
or we may enter into a new agreement with the lenders providing for continued
amortization of the Facility borrowings or into alternative financing
arrangements with another lender.
Under our
Facility, we must maintain a leverage ratio covenant of at least one to one
based on the ratio of the Facility outstanding balance to our most recently
reported GAAP stockholders’ equity balance (determined quarterly in conjunction
with the Company’s financial reporting filings with the Securities and Exchange
Commission) as of the Facility outstanding balance determination
date. At year-end, our leverage ratio covenant was met using the
December 31, 2008 Facility balance and the latest filed quarterly stockholders’
equity balance which, at that time, was as of September 30, 2008. We
remain in compliance with the leverage covenant ratio based on the March 12,
2009 Facility balance and the GAAP stockholders’ equity balance as of September
30, 2008.
Because
we intend to distribute substantially all of our income and net realized capital
gains to our stockholders, we will need additional capital to finance our
growth.
In order
to qualify as a RIC, to avoid payment of excise taxes and to minimize or avoid
payment of income taxes, we intend to distribute to our stockholders
substantially all of our net ordinary income and realized net capital gains
except for certain net long-term capital gains (which we may retain, pay
applicable income taxes with respect thereto, and elect to treat as deemed
distributions to our stockholders). As a BDC, we are generally required to meet
a coverage ratio of total assets to total senior securities, which includes all
of our borrowings and any preferred stock we may issue in the future, of at
least 200%. This requirement limits the amount that we may borrow. Because we
will continue to need capital to grow our loan and investment portfolio, this
limitation may prevent us from incurring debt and require us to issue additional
equity at a time when it may be disadvantageous to do so. While we expect to be
able to borrow and to issue additional debt and equity securities, we cannot
assure you that debt and equity financing will be available to us on favorable
terms, or at all, and debt financings may be restricted by the terms of any of
our outstanding borrowings. In addition, as a BDC, we are generally not
permitted to issue equity securities priced below net asset value without
stockholder approval. If additional funds are not available to us, we could be
forced to curtail or cease new lending and investment activities, and our net
asset value could decline. On March 13, 2007, June 8,
2007, September 24, 2007, December 14, 2007, March 14, 2008,
June 13, 2008, September 19, 2008 and December 19, 2008 we declared dividends in
the amount of $0.29 per share, $0.35 per share, $0.37 per share, $0.39 per
share, $0.41 per share, $0.41 per share, $0.35 per share and $0.27 per share,
respectively. These dividends represented our estimated distributable income for
the quarters ended March 31, 2007, June 30,
2007, September 30, 2007, December 31, 2007, March 31,
2008, June 30, 2008, September 30, 2008, and December 31, 2008, respectively,
plus a portion of our undistributed 2006 distributable income.
Our
Board of Directors may change our investment objective, operating policies and
strategies without prior notice or stockholder approval.
Our Board
of Directors has the authority to modify or waive certain of our operating
policies and strategies without prior notice (except as required by the 1940
Act) and without stockholder approval. However, absent stockholder approval, we
may not change the nature of our business so as to cease to be, or withdraw our
election as, a BDC. We cannot predict the effect any changes to our current
operating policies and strategies would have on our business, operating results
and value of our stock. Nevertheless, the effects may adversely affect our
business and impact our ability to make distributions.
Risks
Related to Our Investments
Our
investments may be risky, and you could lose all or part of your
investment.
We invest
primarily in senior secured term loans, mezzanine debt and selected equity
investments issued by middle market companies.
Secured Loans.
When we extend secured term loans, we generally take a
security interest (either as a first lien position or as a second lien position)
in the available assets of these portfolio companies, including the equity
interests of their subsidiaries, which we expect to assist in mitigating the
risk that we will not be repaid. However, there is a risk that the collateral
securing our loans may decrease in value over time, may be difficult to sell in
a timely manner, may be difficult to appraise and may fluctuate in value based
upon the success of the business and market conditions, including as a result of
the inability of the portfolio company to raise additional capital, and, in some
circumstances, our lien could be subordinated to claims of other creditors. In
addition, deterioration in a portfolio company’s financial condition and
prospects, including its inability to raise additional capital, may be
accompanied by deterioration in the value of the collateral for the loan.
Consequently, the fact that a loan is secured does not guarantee that we will
receive principal and interest payments according to the loan’s terms, or at
all, or that we will be able to collect on the loan should we be forced to
exercise our remedies.
Mezzanine
Debt
. Our mezzanine debt investments generally are
subordinated to senior loans and generally are unsecured. This may result in an
above average amount of risk and volatility or loss of principal.
These
investments may entail additional risks that could adversely affect our
investment returns. To the extent interest payments associated with such debt
are deferred, such debt is subject to greater fluctuations in value based on
changes in interest rates and such debt could subject us to phantom income.
Since we generally do not receive any cash prior to maturity of the debt, the
investment is of greater risk.
Equity
Investments
. We have made and expect to make
selected equity investments. In addition, when we invest in senior secured loans
or mezzanine debt, we may acquire warrants. Our goal is ultimately to dispose of
such equity interests and realize gains upon our disposition of such interests.
However, the equity interests we receive may not appreciate in value and, in
fact, may decline in value. Accordingly, we may not be able to realize gains
from our equity interests, and any gains that we do realize on the disposition
of any equity interests may not be sufficient to offset any other losses we
experience.
Risks Associated with Middle Market
Companies
. Investments in middle market companies
also involve a number of significant risks, including:
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limited
financial resources and inability to meet their obligations, which may be
accompanied by a deterioration in the value of any collateral and a
reduction in the likelihood of our realizing the value of any guarantees
we may have obtained in connection with our
investment;
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shorter
operating histories, narrower product lines and smaller market shares than
larger businesses, which tend to render them more vulnerable to
competitors’ actions and market conditions, as well as general economic
downturns;
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dependence
on management talents and efforts of a small group of persons; therefore,
the death, disability, resignation or termination of one or more of these
persons could have a material adverse impact on our portfolio company and,
in turn, on us;
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less
predictable operating results, being parties to litigation from time to
time, engaging in rapidly changing businesses with products subject to a
substantial risk of obsolescence, and requiring substantial additional
capital to support their operations, finance expansion or maintain their
competitive position;
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difficulty
accessing the capital markets to meet future capital needs;
and
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generally
less publicly available information about their businesses, operations and
financial condition.
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